Midterm

Question 1

linguistic

Answer 1

pertaining to language
(6 categories)

Question 2

6 categories of linguistics

Answer 2

1. phonetics
2. phonology
3. morphology
4. syntax
5. semantics
6. pragmatics

Question 3

phonetics

1/6 linguistic categories

Answer 3

the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds

Question 4

phonology

2/6 linguistic categories

Answer 4

how sounds are organized and used: patterns/combinations/distributions

Question 5

morphology

3/6 linguistic categories

Answer 5

study of word structure and formation; how words are built from morphemes

the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning, either a word or a part of a word. “Worker” = (2) “work” and “-er.”

Question 6

syntax

4/6 linguistic categories

Answer 6

word order and sentence structure: how words and phrases combine to form sentences

Question 7

semantics

5/6 linguistic categories

Answer 7

relationship btwn words, phrases, signs and symbols; study of meaning

Question 8

pragmatics

6/6 linguistic categories

Answer 8

how context contributes to meaning; social interactions (speech acts: intonation)

informal speech - sarcasm

Question 9

lexicon

Answer 9

the words a speaker knows; vocabulary

Question 10

grammar

Answer 10

the rules of a language

Question 11

extralinguistic

Answer 11

factors that affect language (outside of language)

Question 12

extralinguistic measures:

Answer 12

• geography; borders
• age
• gender
• education

Question 13

input

Answer 13

stimuli:
* auditory (sound)
* experience (environment)

infant directed speech (IDS), point-and-say

Question 14

output

Answer 14

production of sounds and language

response to input: imitating sounds and reproducing words

Question 15

processing

Answer 15

taking input > organizing and understanding > in order to produce output

Question 16

poverty of stimulus

Answer 16

environment does not provide the necessary stimuli/input to acquire language

input is too poor for the richness of language

Question 17

critical period hypothesis

Answer 17

developmental stage, after which learning a language as a monolingual speaker becomes more difficult

Question 18

over/under extension

Answer 18

the use of a linguistic feature in too broad (over) or too specific (under) of a category

Question 19

mutual exclusivity assumption

Answer 19

assumption that no two words have the exact meaning

if a child knows the name of a concept > will reject a 2nd label

Question 20

principle of contrast

Answer 20

if two labels apply to the same word, the must be some variation in meaning

Question 21

referential intent

Answer 21

intent to refer to specific and contextually obvious elements

Question 22

syntactic bootstrapping

Answer 22

using syntactic properties (word order) to infer meaning

Yuan & Fisher (2009): “blicking”

classifying nouns: mass/count nouns
classifying verbs: (in)transitive verbs

Question 23

semantic bootstrapping

Answer 23

using contextual semantic elements (physical objects, actors, actions) to infer meaning

Question 24

continuity hypothesis

Answer 24

children and adults have similar/equal grammar

Question 25

stages of acquisition ## Footnote Traxler (2011)

Question 26

bilingualism

Answer 26

linguistic knowledge of 2 or more languages (multilingualism) ## Footnote definitons vary according to study

Question 27

second language (L2)

Answer 27

language learned after the critical period | not a heritaage speaker? ## Footnote L2 learner: someone learning after the critical period

Question 28

linguistic and grammatical competence ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 28

knowledge that a speaker has about the grammaticality of a language | "speaking properly" ## Footnote recognize the rules of the language to produce "well formed utterances" (Scotton 2006)

Question 29

communicative competence ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 29

knowledge to interpret a speaker's intended social/pragmatic meaning | ≠ literal meaning ## Footnote native speakers need not be taught competence > acquire unconsciously

Question 30

interlanguage ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 30

developing language system that L2 learners possess - influenced by the fully developed language systems of the learner | L2 learner's evolving language system as they acquire language ## Footnote Geesin et al. 2022

Question 31

implicit knowledge ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 31

knowledge that is inherit; cannot be explained | w/out conscious operations (Geesin et al. 2022) ## Footnote unconscious > automatic

Question 32

explicit knowledge ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 32

knowledge gained through conscious learning ## Footnote declarative

Question 33

Type I Variation ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 33

non-canonical variation: alternating between **forms found** in the native speaker's system and **forms not found** in that system ## Footnote applying english verb form "to be" to spanish verb conjugation

Question 34

Type II Variation ## Footnote Geesin et al. (2021)

Answer 34

variation acceptable w/in monolingual/native norms | influence of linguistic and social factors ## Footnote formal vs informal verb conjugation/word order

Question 35

balanced bilingual

Answer 35

someone who speaks 2 languages w/equal proficiency ## Footnote unlikely/rare

Question 36

heritage speaker

Answer 36

bilingual who has acquired a family language and dominant societal language | naturally and in early childhood (before critical period?) ## Footnote Wiese et al. 2022

Question 37

socio-economic mobility

Answer 37

ability to change socio-economic status ## Footnote Scotton 2006