Midterm

Question 1

Survey

Answer 1

used to gather information about attitudes or behaviors through the answers that people give to questions

Question 2

Random Sample

Answer 2

Allows every “person of interest” an equal chance of being selected for your research study

Question 3

In-depth interviews

Answer 3

allows an interviewer to obtain detailed responses to questions such as, “what does it mean to you to be a father”

Question 4

Experiment

Answer 4

a controlled method for determine cause and effect

Question 5

Focus group

Answer 5

obtains information from a small group of people who are brought together to discuss a particular topic

Question 6

Observational studies

Answer 6

Natural setting and observe people in action

Question 7

Quantitative research

Answer 7

focus is on data that can be measured numerically

Question 8

Qualitative research

Answer 8

focus on narrative description (ex: themes)

Question 9

Patterns of Authority

Answer 9

patriarchy, matriarchy, egalitarian

Question 10

Patriarchy

Answer 10

men are assumed to have a natural right to be in positions of authority over women
* manifested and upheld in legal, educational, religious, economic, and other social institutions

Question 11

Matriarchy

Answer 11

Social power and authority is vested in women
* theoretical alternative because no historical cases of true matriarchies are known
* seen in Native American tribes

Question 12

Egalitarian

Answer 12

expectation is that power and authority are equally vested in both men and women

Question 13

Micro-level perspective

Answer 13

Concentrating exclusively on their individual interactions in specific settings
* Focuses individual uniqueness, personal decision making, interactions between small groups
* the focus is on the individual and their interactions
- personal choices
- behaviors and feelings
- communication
- decisions
- constraints
- values

Question 14

Macro-level perspective

Answer 14

the focus is on the way our personal relationships interconnect with the rest of society, the recognition that our social structure influences our marriages and families
* culture
* history
* power and inequality
* social institutions, including the economy, political system, or dominant religion
social status, including sex, race, ethnicity, and social class
* social movements and social change

Question 15

Sex

Answer 15

refers to the biological differences between men and women and their role in reproduction

Question 16

Gender

Answer 16

characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys that are socially constructed
* example: norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being a female/male as well as relationships with each other

Question 17

Social class

Answer 17

based most, obviously on income and wealth, but also other resources, such as educational level and occupational prestige
* these include:
* The upper class
* The upper middle class
* The middle class
* The working class
* The working poor class
* The underclass

Question 18

Gender scripts

Answer 18

societal expectations or “scripts” that define how individuals, particularly men and women, are expected to behave, think, and act in specific situations, often reinforcing traditional gender roles and stereotypes

Question 19

Gender socialization

Answer 19

teaching/learning the cultural norms associated with being male or female
* parent scolding a young son for showing his emotions - “ big boys don’t cry”
* a parent buying a doll for a daughter in a truck for son
* apparent everywhere
* masculine vs feminine

Question 20

Examples of agents of socialization

Answer 20

parents, toys, schools, peers, media

Question 21

Attachment Theory

Answer 21

presented by John Bowbly and Mary Ainsworth, claims that early emotional bonds between infants and their primary caregivers significantly impact their emotional and social development, influencing future relationships and behaviors

Question 22

Strange situation

Answer 22

by Ainsworth, series of introductions, separations, and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar persons

Question 23

Attachment styles in strange situation:

Answer 23

Secure attachment: infant feels safe when their parents are out of sight, child is able to be comforted when in distress
Insecure ambivalent: child is unable to be comforted by their caregiver
Insecure avoidant: child does not interact with their caregiver, shows no attachment to parent
Disorganized – disoriented: parents are overwhelmed and abusive to their children

Question 24

Adult attachment styles

Answer 24

• Secure attachments: easy to get close to others, are comfortable depending on others and having others depend on them, do not worry about being abandoned
• Anxious ambivalent attachments: get too attached, worries that their partner doesn’t love them
• Avoidant attachment: not comfortable being close to someone, difficult, trusting people, does not become dependent on other individuals

Question 25

Rhesus monkey experiment:

Answer 25

* monkeys in a cage with 2 diff kinds of artificial “mothers” (mesh wire/soft terry cloth) * even when the feeding bottle was in the wire mother, the baby monkeys spent almost all of their time on the cloth mother

Question 26

Benefits of friendship:

Answer 26

* social support (and emotional support in the form of affection, physical, advice, and material) * help you live longer * to lower blood pressure, heart rates, and cholesterol levels

Question 27

Same sex friendships

Answer 27

women develop strong bonds with other women, expressed love and tenderness, and frequently describe physical/emotional longing for the other

Question 28

Sternberg's Triangular Theory

Answer 28

love has three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment * passion: encompasses feelings of physical attraction, romance, and sexual arousal (most intense) * intimacy: encompasses feelings of closeness and bonding, and includes such things as self disclosure, respect, trust and warmth * commitment: represents both the short term decision decisions to love one another and a longer term commitment to continue that love (feelings as loyalty, faithfulness, dedication and devotion - A relationship is most stable when partners agree on these dimensions

Question 29

Sternberg’s love types; 8 types

Answer 29

* non love * empty love * liking * infatuated love * companionate love * Fatuous love * romantic love * consummate love

Question 30

Non-love

Answer 30

many relationships really have no love in them, no intimacy, passion, or commitment

Question 31

Empty love

Answer 31

sometimes people remain together solely because of a commitment (example: staying together for the sake of the children), there’s no passion or intimacy

Question 32

Liking

Answer 32

the relationships are intimate, such as good friendships, but typically there is no passion or commitment

Question 33

Infatuated love

Answer 33

we see these types of relationships on TV or in movie stars, the relationship is full of passion, but when that passion ends, little intimacy or commitment remains

Question 34

Companionate love

Answer 34

long-term couples; the passion may have waned, but the couples share intimacy and commitment to one another

Question 35

Fatuous love

Answer 35

passion, and commitment are the elements of this type of; people may marry very early on, but without developing real intimacy

Question 36

Romantic love

Answer 36

these relationships are intense and full of passion and intimacy; however, they typically lack a degree of commitment and the focus is on physical and sexual attraction

Question 37

Consummate love

Answer 37

when the relationship contains all three components

Question 38

Dating behavior

Answer 38

* we are more likely to date someone like us * highschoolers are dating less * those we they are typically similar to us due to geographic closeness and cultural expectations

Question 39

Cohabitation

Answer 39

living with your romantic and sexual partner without being married

Question 40

People who cohabit spend all ages, races, and ethnic groups and are found within all social classes usually tend to be…

Answer 40

* younger * have less education in our likely to have graduated from college without a college degree * have lower household incomes * more likely to live in poverty

Question 41

Sexual scripts

Answer 41

rules regarding sexual behavior, govern the who, what, where, when, how, and why we have sex

Question 42

From what three sources do we learn are sexual scripts from?

Answer 42

* the culture in which we live : includes parents, friends, the mass media, religion * interpersonal communication: between us and our partner as we begin our personal relationship * our personal views of sex: based on feelings, desires, and fantasies

Question 43

Double standard

Answer 43

traditionally men are granted far more leeway in sexual behavior than our woman

Question 44

Freud’s psychosexual theory

Answer 44

sexual desire is the driving force behind human development * children go through a series of psychosexual stages that lead to the development of the adult personality

Question 45

Freud‘s psychosexual stages (5 stages):

Answer 45

Oral stage: birth - one year - erogenous zone: Anal stage: one year - three years - erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control Phallic stage: 3 to 6 years - erogenous zone: genitals (exploring body) Latent stage: six years to puberty - libido inactive (learning about friendships and the social world) Genital stage: puberty to death - maturing sexual interests

Question 46

Sigmund Freud

Answer 46

the father of psychology and the first psychotherapist/psychoanalyst * Believed that personality was established by the age of six

Question 47

Masters and Johnson research

Answer 47

addressed the physiology of human sexual response, a greater understanding of women’s sexuality, and the treatment of sexual dysfunction * in an observational study, watched nearly 700 individuals during sexual activity, two observe sexual responses * the sexual response cycle includes: desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution, and a refractory period

Question 48

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 48

the concept that language shapes are culture, and at the same time our culture shapes or language * culture shapes language: words like cell phone, texting, and even PC were not a part of the everyday vocabulary of your parents when they were your age * Language shapes our culture: new words like attention deficit disorder, or ‘gifted’ have created new dimensions of our culture

Question 49

Gendered communication:

Answer 49

* women: more likely to use conversation as a way to establish/maintain relationships, tend to use communication for connecting/relating with other people, tend to smile, more often and express a wide range of emotions through facial expression and nonverbal behavior, make more eye contact, prefer side by side interactions * men: talk when they have something to say/need to receive or give information, speech and nonverbal communication is more direct and assertive, tend to spread their bodies out and occupy more space, talk face-to-face, use more gestures

Question 50

non-productive communication:

Answer 50

* Bypassing * Lack of precision * Overgeneralizing * Static evaluation * polarization * biased language

Question 51

Bypassing

Answer 51

misunderstanding what someone is saying when one word has several meanings Example: I love you

Question 52

lack of precision

Answer 52

unclear language can easily foster miscommunication (example: I don’t like it when you do that”)

Question 53

Over generalizing

Answer 53

imply that evidence has been collected to reach a definitive conclusion when in reality this is probably not the case (example: “you always forget to unload the dishwasher”)

Question 54

Static evaluation ****

Answer 54

making changes that don’t allow for change (example: “you’ve always been the wild one in the family, haven’t you?”

Question 55

Polarization

Answer 55

speaking in extremes (example: it’s all your fault)

Question 56

Biased language

Answer 56

using words that reflect biases about race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, religious faith, or other cultures can also foster miscommunication and conflict

Question 57

Productive verbal communication

Answer 57

* describe your own feelings rather than evaluate behaviors of others (example: I’m feeling frustrated when…) * solve problems rather than try to control others (example: what should we do?) * be genuine rather than manipulative (example: I really want to make sure we’re OK…)

Question 58

Listening Cycle (5 stages)

Answer 58

* receiving the message * understanding what the speaker saying * remembering and retaining * evaluating the message * responding

Question 59

Gottman’s Four Horsemen:

Answer 59

* criticism - verbally attacking personality or character * defensiveness - victimizing yourself to ward off a perceived attack and reverse blame * contempt - attacking sense of self with an intent to insult or abuse * stonewalling - withdrawing to avoid conflict and convey disapproval, distance, and separation

Question 60

History of marriage and Colonial America:

Answer 60

* founders of the US government established marriage as a free-choice, heterosexual union that put husbands at the head of the household * husbands were required to support their wives and children and represent them legally * wives didn’t hold independent legal status, colonel be tried for a crime

Question 61

History of marriage and the 19th Century:

Answer 61

* Women’s rights and emancipation * urged a marriage standard of equal partnership and greater social, economic, and legal opportunities for women * marriage was also challenged by those who resisted monogamy

Question 62

History of marriage / After Industrial Revolution

Answer 62

* carved separate spheres of work for men and women * moved families from farms and small communities to cities in search of work, weakening the community’s influence on the married couple and bringing a more personal focus to marriage based on companionship * responsibilities of spouses were still largely differentiated and complementary * men worked outside the home while women took care of the children and the home itself

Question 63

Homogamous marriage

Answer 63

spouses share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age, and social class

Question 64

Heterogamous marriage

Answer 64

spouses don’t share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age, and social class

Question 65

Interracial marriage

Answer 65

marrying someone of a different race (illegal until 1967)

Question 66

Interethnic marriages

Answer 66

partners from different cultural or ethnic background * more common than interracial marriages

Question 67

Conflict-habituated marriage

Answer 67

filled with tension and verbal and perhaps physical conflict, but the partners don’t feel these are reasons to divorce * believe fighting is normal part of marriage and is an acceptable way to communicate and solve problems

Question 68

Devitalized marriage

Answer 68

although the couple may have been in love when they married, their relationship exist now without much passion * spend time together, but for obligation or habit (for their children, jobs, or community) rather than for the joy of being together

Question 69

Passive-congenial marriage

Answer 69

these partners may have married with low expect of the intimacy marriage would provide, and their expectations have remained low * little conflict in these marriages but also little excitement; however, excitement was never expected

Question 70

Vital marriage

Answer 70

the lives of the partners are intertwined in this type of marriage * both physical and emotional intimacies are important to them, and they work hard at communication and compromise so their relationship continues to be satisfying and enjoyable

Question 71

Total marriage

Answer 71

as in vital marriages, these partners have considerable energy invested in each other and their marriage is a priority * they share additional facets of their lives, however; perhaps they own a business together, have the same friends, or spend time on the same hobbies. They have few independent interests

Question 72

Marital decline perspective

Answer 72

institution of marriage is increasingly threatened by the hedonistic pursuit of personal happiness at the expense of long term commitment * point of high divorce rates and increase in cohabitation and childbearing outside marriage * social problems, including poverty, violence, and teenage delinquency

Question 73

Marital Resilience Perspective:

Answer 73

Marriages are overall no weaker than in the past * people today enter into marriages more intelligently because they are less likely to marry for purely economic reasons or to avoid stigma of single good * views the real threats of marriage as poverty, discrimination, poor schools, lack of worker friendly policies, the lack of social services that families need to remain strong and resilient, and continuing patriarchal framework

Question 74

Fictive kin

Answer 74

non-relatives who's bonds are strong and intimate, such as the relationship shared among unmarried same-sex or heterosexual partners, or close friends (not blood related)

Question 75

Families of colonial America:

Answer 75

most people in colonial America lived in nuclear families 6 or more children a wife was considered her husband's helpmate, but not his equal *parents tended to be strict resiliency of families that included slaves * when slavery tore apart families, kinship bonds persisted

Question 76

Intersectionality

Answer 76

different aspects of a person's identity (like race, gender, class, etc.) can combine to create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege, rather than just being separate issues

Question 77

Love hormone

Answer 77

oxytocin ; revived through physical touch, kissing, hugging, etc

Question 78

Homosexuality can contain an important

Answer 78

Biological components

Question 79

Male sex script

Answer 79

emphasizes sex over intimacy

Question 80

Women sex scripts

Answer 80

emphasizes feelings over sex

Question 81

Kinsey scale

Answer 81

You are not fully straight or fully gay you lie somewhere on the range

Question 82

True or false: there is little difference in the number of sexual partners across income and education levels?

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Allen’s study:

Answer 83

Listeners can identify a speaker's race from his or her speech, even if only hearing short snippets of speech and this identification has been used to discriminate against Black individuals

Question 84

Delayed Marriage

Answer 84

The age at first marriage has been steadily increasing, particularly over the past few decades - Average age for marriage is 27 or older for women and 29 for men - Reasons for this increase include changes in occupational and educational opportunities