Final

Question 1

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 1

demanding and maintains high levels of control over the children, but is very warm and receptive (psychologists believe that this best predicts outcomes in children)
- demand is high, responsiveness is high

Question 2

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 2

strict, punitive, and not very warm
- demand is high, responsiveness is low

Question 3

Permissive Parenting:

Answer 3

places view controls, or demands on the child (free range)
- demand is low, responsiveness is high

Question 4

Neglectful Parenting

Answer 4

uninvolved, little nurture
- demand is low, responsiveness is low

Question 5

Parent child interaction is a two-way street, and children can influence their parents through…

Answer 5

• temperament: effects of views that parents have the child and the view they have of themselves as parents
• cognitive abilities: organizing critical, social and health services, coping with the stigma attached to the condition, and managing the stress or guilt that parents often feel when they see their child suffer
• health
• sex in the marriage
• gender of child
• divorce

Question 6

Mothers

Answer 6

• Report experiencing greater meaning in their lives, compared to child free woman
• Also report more distress and depression
• compared to fathers, mothers typically do more emotional labor and childcare

Question 7

Fathers

Answer 7

• Today’s fathers see themselves as more than just breadwinners
• Far more likely to be involved in the emotional and physical care of their children than back then
• Father‘s involvement can enhance the social, emotional, and cognitive well-being of their children

Question 8

Cooley & Mead

Answer 8

human behavior and our self identity are shaped by interactions with others

Question 9

Piaget

Answer 9

how children come to understand the world and make meaning of their experiences (biology)

Question 10

Freud

Answer 10

human behavior and personality, originate from unconscious forces (personality)

Question 11

Role Overload

Answer 11

refers to feeling overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively
- leads to depression, stress and poor health
- Perception of overload is key here
- mothers with higher incomes, higher, marital quality, and higher quality jobs are less likely to feel role overload

Question 12

Spillover

Answer 12

refers to the negative, or sometimes positive, moods experience experiences, and demands involved in one sphere that carryover into the other sphere
- example: employment can spill into family dynamics
- example: family demands can spill over into employment

Question 13

What is stress?

Answer 13

How we react when we feel under pressure or threatened

Question 14

Normative Stress

Answer 14

such as adjusting to the family changes brought by a new baby

Question 15

Non-Normative Stress;

Answer 15

such as adjusting to the family changes brought on by caring for a child with a serious disability

Question 16

Acute Stress

Answer 16

short term, such as cramming for an exam, planning a wedding, or having a disagreement with your partner

Question 17

Chronic Stress

Answer 17

long-term, living with an abusive partner, challenges associated with combining work and family, or living with a chronic illness like diabetes

Question 18

Work-Family Conflict

Answer 18

tension people feel when the pressure from paid work and family roles are incompatible in someway
example: work is made more difficult by participation in family roles
example: participation in family roles is made more difficult by work
- have increased for men and women over the past few decades

Question 19

Alarm reaction

Answer 19

brain perceives a stressor and sends a message to the body, resulting in immediate changes in neurological and psychological states (fight or flight, metabolism increases, hormone level rises, etc)

Question 20

Resistance

Answer 20

body continues to battle, the stressor by maintaining its elevated state of alert (can wreak havoc on the immune system, feel sick during or immediately after finals; your body weakens as it tries to fight off the stress of taking exams)

Question 21

Exhaustion

Answer 21

chronic stress over long periods can be dangerous and can lead to depression, fatigue, frequent headaches, panic attacks, insomnia, and eating disorders

Question 22

Mothers involvement :

Answer 22

• exceeds that of fathers
• mothers are more involved than fathers in all domains study
• Example: spiritual, emotional, social, moral, and physical guidance; helping with homework; providing companionship, advice, and mentoring; sharing leisure and activities; fostering independence, intelligence, and responsibility; providing care, protection, and discipline; providing income

Question 23

Father’s involvement:

Answer 23

• willing to spend more time with their son and their daughters
• Renegotiating family work

Question 24

Largest challenge that parents report facing today?

Answer 24

Time crunch.

Question 25

Women’s work tends to be more

Answer 25

routine (no disciplinary & repetitive) - inflexible about their timing - example) changing the baby’s diaper, which must be changed now, or fixing dinner, which must be prepared in the next hour

Question 26

Men’s work is more

Answer 26

flexible, are most likely to do the yard work which could be done at anytime of the week - This difference alone can add to family stress

Question 27

Five most time-consuming household tasks are;

Answer 27

- meal preparation, or cooking - house cleaning - shopping for groceries/household goods - Washing dishes, and cleaning up after meals - laundry, including washing, ironing, and mending clothes

Question 28

Divorce Micro Level Factors

Answer 28

- parental divorce - age at marriage - Absence of children - non-marital childbearing - Race and ethnicity - Education - sex of children (couples with daughter are more likely to divorce) - income (low income) - degree of similarity (the couples ages)

Question 29

Divorce Macro Level Factor

Answer 29

- level of socioeconomic development - Religion - Divorce laws - women status and employment - attitudes towards divorce

Question 30

Phases of Separation

Answer 30

- pre-separation: beginning to think about the benefits of separation - early separation phase: couples face a series of issues as they separate - mid separation phase: realities of daily living set in - late separation phase: learn to live as separate individuals

Question 31

Sole Physical Custody

Answer 31

a child permanently lives with one parent, while the other parent has visitation rights

Question 32

Joint Legal Custody

Answer 32

both parents have the legal authority to make important decisions concerning the children after a divorce

Question 33

Sole Legal Custody

Answer 33

one parent has the legal authority to make important decisions concerning the children after a divorce, such as where they will go to school, and what community or state they will reside, or who will be notified in case of a health emergency or school problem

Question 34

Joint Physical Custody:

Answer 34

child spends a significant portion of their time with both parents, moms house and dads house

Question 35

Family Process

Answer 35

quality of the relationships between family members before, during, and after the divorce

Question 36

Social Learning Theory

Answer 36

- presented by Alfred Bandura - basically states that an individual can’t form a self-concept without social contact with others - human behavior is learned observationally through modeling - bobo doll study: the child participants observed an adult acting violently toward a doll, which set an example for how children choose to interact with other people

Question 37

Childcare Costs:

Answer 37

$304,480, housing & food are the most expensive - there are direct costs; which include expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education - there is opportunity costs; which include loss opportunities for income by working only part-time or not at all because of children

Question 38

Total Fertility Rate:

Answer 38

average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

Question 39

General fertility rate

Answer 39

number of children born per 1000 women ages 15 through 44

Question 40

Crude fertility rate

Answer 40

the number of children born per 1000 population (note that this doesn’t count for the age of population)

Question 41

Factors that influence fertility

Answer 41

(macro and micro levels) - macro level: cultural views, dominant religion, level of technology to combat infertility, education, and employment opportunities for women - micro level: biological considerations (is the couple capable of reproducing), perceived psychological benefits and costs associated with children, pressure from family and friends, personal desire, economic situation, willingness to adopt

Question 42

Infertility

Answer 42

the inability to get pregnant after one year of drawing - effects both men and women equally

Question 43

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Answer 43

- includes all fertility treatment in which both egg and sperm are handled - IVF is by far the most common form of ART, making up 99% of procedures

Question 44

IVF

Answer 44

- in vitro fertilization, a woman uses ovulation, simulating drugs to produce an excess number of eggs - these eggs are then surgically removed and fertilized in a dish with sperm - if fertilization takes place, the physician implants the embryo into the woman’s uterus

Question 45

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Answer 45

- violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partners - can be physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse

Question 46

The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS):

Answer 46

- Murray Straus - asks people how to deal with disagreements in relationships (2000 married or a cohabiting adults with children ages three through 17) - non aggressive responses - psychologically aggressive responses - physically aggressive responses - CTS studies find that men are more likely to be victims of physical aggression than our woman, but this is because men are less likely than women to remember their own acts of violence, and they may not perceive their act as abusive. This is also because CTS respondents are asked to tell the researchers how they respond to a situation of conflict/disagreement so they may not be telling the truth. Additionally, CTS does not include acts of sexual violence or aggression, which are far more likely to be perpetrated by men

Question 47

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Types

Answer 47

- common couple violence - intimate terrorism - Violent resistance - mutual violent control

Question 48

Common couple violence:

Answer 48

arises out of a specific argument in which at least one partner lashes out physically

Question 49

Intimate terrorism

Answer 49

physical, psychological or sexual violence that is motivated by a desire to control the other partner

Question 50

Violent resistance

Answer 50

the non-legal term for self-defense

Question 51

Mutual violent control:

Answer 51

refers to a pattern of behavior in which both partners are controlling and violent, and are battling for control

Question 52

Stalking

Answer 52

consists of obsessive, contact or tracking of another person — attention that is unwanted and causes a reasonable person to be fearful

Question 53

Cyberstalking

Answer 53

electronically harassing or threatening someone

Question 54

Learned helplessness

Answer 54

psychological condition of having low self-esteem, feeling hopeless, and having no control which is caused by repeated (this is why many people stay in abusive relationships)

Question 55

Abuse Cycle

Answer 55

calm, tension building, incident, reconciliation

Question 56

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences):

Answer 56

assessment is a 10 question assessment that was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Kaiser Permanente - essentially they are traumatic experiences that can have profound impact on a child’s developing brain and body with lasting impact on a person’s health and livelihood throughout their lifetime

Question 57

Three categories of ACEs

Answer 57

abuse: physical, emotional, and sexual Neglect: sexual and emotional Household dysfunction: divorce, mental illness, domestic abuse, substance abuse, incarceration

Question 58

A person with four or more aces is:

Answer 58

more likely to… - attempted suicide, use injection drugs, be an alcoholic, have a ischemic heart disease, have a stroke/cancer/diabetes

Question 59

Wesley Burr and Shirley Klein (1996)

Answer 59

- Interviewed 51 families who had experienced a family crisis - Asked adults to draw a graph that illustrated held the crisis effective their overall family functioning overtime - 15% said that family didn’t change *** - 51% fell into a roller coaster pattern with a decline of family functioning during the crisis, but rebounding after time had passed

Question 60

Leaving is a

Answer 60

process rather than a single event

Question 62

Divorce rate

Answer 62

⅓ of people who have ever been married, have also been divorced (the United States has one of the world’s highest divorce rates)

Question 63

Five Stages of grief:

Answer 63

denial, anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance (*does not happen in order)

Question 63

Alfred bandura social learning theory (1973) states an individual can’t form a self concept without social contact with others, this was modeled through what study?

Answer 63

Bobo Doll Study