Midterm Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
T/F The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been the biological model
A
False
2
Q
T/F The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the cognitive model
A
True
3
Q
T/F Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called neurotransmitters
A
False
4
Q
T/F Depression has been linked to excessive activity of serotonin
A
False
5
Q
T/F Schizophrenia may be related to viral infection in-utero
A
True
6
Q
T/F Prozac is categorized as a psychotropic drug
A
True
7
Q
T/F An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors are not accidental
A
True
8
Q
T/F Doing what feels good is called the pleasure principle
A
True
9
Q
T/F One of the most basic ego defense mechanism is repression
A
True
10
Q
T/F A functional analysis involves using projective tests
A
False
11
Q
T/F The clinical interviewer most interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have a behavioral orientation
A
True
12
Q
T/F The MMPI is a projective test
A
false
13
Q
T/F Mental retardation is found in the Axis II of the DSM
A
True
14
Q
T/F Axis III includes any long standing psychological problems
A
False
15
Q
T/F Axis IV includes relevant environmental problems
A
True
16
Q
T/F The single most effective treatment for schizophrenia is drug therapy
A
True
17
Q
T/F The inability to see or record all important behavior when making observations is called overload
A
True
18
Q
T/F A test that measures what it is suppose to measure is said to have reliability
A
False
19
Q
T/F The triggers of anxiety and fear differ in severity
A
True
20
Q
T/F Every once in a while Phill feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. This is probably a phobic disorder
A
False
21
Q
T/F Generalized anxiety disorders are more common in African-Americans than Caucasians
A
True
22
Q
T/F Bill criticizes everything he does, always looking for flaws, never measuring up to his personal standards. This would be what Rogers calls moral anxiety
A
False
23
Q
T/F The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called Rational-Emotive Therapy
A
True
24
Q
T/F Unchecked anxiety may be caused by malfunction in receptors for benzodiazepines.
A
True
25
T/F Long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception
True
26
T/F Angie watched her mother flee from spiders in fear. Now she is afraid of spiders. The apparent acquisition of fear of spiders is an example of modeling
True
27
T/F For an antidepressant to be effective against OCD it must decrease serotonin activity.
False
28
T/F Poor health is an example of a stressor
True
29
T/F The fight-or-flight system is controlled in part by the peripheral nervous system
False
30
T/F PTSD begins immediately after the stress occurs.
False
31
T/F Withdrawal is an example of a direct coping skill
True
32
T/F The Social Readjustment Rating Scale assigns numerical values to stressful life events
True
33
T/F The white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called B-cells
False
34
T/F Intellectualization is an example of a defense mechanism
True
35
T/F High blood pressure is also called hypertension
True
36
T/F Owen never quits. He is aggressive, hard working, always in quest of the “deal” of the century. His personality would be considered Type B
False
37
T/F Conversion disorders most often appear in early childhood
False
38
T/F Malingering could be intentionally faking a tic in order to avoid military service
True
39
T/F Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is most likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of the person diagnosed with it
False
40
T/F Freud believed that hysterical symptoms enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities
True
41
T/F Dissociative disorders involve major changes in memory
True
42
T/F Dissociative disorders have a precise physical cause
False
43
T/F Carey saw his parents killed and the next morning he could not see. This could be a sign of a conversion disorder
True
44
T/F Somatization Disorders usually only have one or two symptoms
False
45
T/F The primary difference between Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue is physical flight
True
46
T/F The most common form of mood disorder is manic depression
False
47
T/F Sadness and/or anger are symptoms of depression
True
48
T/F Having frequent headaches could be a physical symptom of depression
True
49
T/F Low levels of physical activity could be a cause or symptom of depression
True
50
T/F Stacy directs feelings of grief for a lost loved one toward herself. This is an example of introjection
True
51
T/F Seasonal Affect Disorder is thought to be due to decreased levels of melatonin
False
52
T/F People experiencing mania want excitement
True
53
T/F Austin exhibits increased appetite, fatigue, and oversleeping during the winter. These are possible symptoms of a condition known as SAD
True
54
T/F Jim is going to convince the drug dealers of the errors of their ways. Then he is going to write a play and put it on Broadway. But first he’s going to cook a gourmet meal. Jim is probably suffering from a depressive episode
False
55
T/F Part of Beck’s Cognitive Therapy treatment for those suffering from depression includes increasing activities that elevate mood
true
56
T/F Couples Therapy is an effective Sociocultural treatment
True
57
T/F Lithium therapy is effective in at least half of all cases of depression
False
58
T/F A contingency management approach is a technique from the behaviorists
True
59
T/F Today, Electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to involve bilateral shock and muscle relaxants
True
60
T/F A side effect of ECT is short term memory loss
True
61
T/F Lithium appears to affect synaptic activity
True
62
T/F The most effective drug for the treatment of Bipolar disorder is Prozac
False
63
T/F Behavioral therapy treatment for those suffering from depression includes reintroducing the client to pleasurable activities
True
64
T/F About 35,000 suicides are committed annually in the U.S.
True
65
T/F A Parasuicide is a failed attempt to commit suicide
True
66
T/F Death Seekers intend to end their lives with their actions
True
67
T/F Retrospective Analysis involves gathering information about a suicide victims past
True
68
T/F There are no commonalities among suicide victims
False
69
T/F Married people are more likely to commit suicide than single men
False
70
T/F About ¼ of people who commit suicide are illegally intoxicated
True
71
T/F The age group most likely to commit suicide in the U.S. is adolescents
False
72
T/F Altruistic suicide is most likely to occur in a country that honors those who kill themselves for a higher good.
True
73
What kind of tests is it when subjects interpret vague stimuli i.e. inkblot, Rorschach, or follow open-ended instructions i.e Draw a Person., Sentence Completion, Themtaic Apperception or TAT (30 black and white pictures of people in vague situations and client has to interpret events and emotions of people in pictures)
Projective Tests
74
These test are not very reliable or valid, but give good supplementary insights.
Projective Tests
75
What kind of tests is it when clients respond to a wide range of questions about their behaviors, beliefs, and feelings. i.e. MMPI, Learning Styles Inventory
Personality Inventories
76
These tests have Cultural limitations, not highly valid, although more valid than Projective tests.
Personality Inventories
77
What kind of tests is it when subjects focus on one specific area of functioning, and clients provide detailed information by using a Likert Scale. Affective Inventories (i.e Beck Depression Inventory), Social Skills Inventories, Cognitive Inventories
Response Inventories-
78
These tests have Strong face validity, but have not been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and validity procedures. People can be careless or inaccurate in responses.
Response Inventories-
79
These types of tests measure psychological responses. i.e. polygraph, lie detector.
Psychological Tests-
80
Drawbacks are these tests can inherently cause nervous responses and thus can affect accuracy of results
Psychological Tests-
81
These tests measures brain activity. i.e. EEG, CAT, MRI, or NeuroPsych tests like Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test where patients look at 9 cards with simple designs on them and have to later redraw the designs
Neurological and Neuropsychological Tests:
82
What are these WISC, WAIS, IQ, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Intelligence Tests-
83
These tests have High reliability, fairly high validity, but low motivation and high anxiety can influence performance.
Intelligence Tests-
84
What is on Axis 1
Clinical Disorders like Anxiety, Mood, Eating, etc. Disorders somatoform
85
What is on Axis II
Personality Disorders like Paranoid, Schizoid, OCD mental retardation
86
what is on Axis III
General Medical conditions
87
What is on Axis IV
Psychological and Environmental Problems like problems with primary support group
problems with access to healtgh care
88
what is on Axis V
Global Assessment of Functioning: rate person’s psychological, social, occupational functioning on a scale from 0-100 the higher the better
89
What are some changes on the DSM 5 on clinical assesments
1. No longer use GAF, instead use WHODAS: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule- the lower the better.
2. Elimination of NOS-unless all else fails.
3. Clinician driven reporting- report what is the most troubling symptom and let that drive treatment.
90
What are the ego defense mechanisms
1. repression
2. denial
3. projection
4. rationalization
5. displacement
6. intellectualization
7. regression
91
this ego defense mechanism is when person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
repression
92
this ego defense mechanism is when a person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
denial
93
this ego defense mechanism is when a person attributes own acceptable impulses, motives, or desires to others individuals.
projection
94
this ego defense mechanism is when a person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
rationalizations
95
this ego defense mechanism is when person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
displacement
96
this ego defense mechanism is when a person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
intellectualization
97
this ego defense mechanism is when a person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibility
regression
98
What does it mean when something is valid
that it measures what it is supposed to measure
99
What does reliability mean
measures the same every time
100
What is the independent variable
the variable in an experiment that gets altered
101
what is the dependent variable
in an experiment it is the event studied
102
What are the models of abnormality
1. Biological Model
2. Psychodynamic Model
3. Behavioral Model
4. Cognitive Model
5. Humanistic-Existential Model
6. Sociocultural Model
103
What are the methods of treatments for biological models
Psychopharmacology, ECT or TMS, Neurosurgery
104
What are the methods of treatments for Psychodynamic models
Free association, therapist interaction (like relational psychoanalytic therapy: therapists are active participants in therapy), catharsis (reliving of past repressed feelings), dream interpretation and working through
105
What are the methods of treatments for behavioral models
Systematic Desensitization, Flooding, behavior modification, or essentially to “re-learn” behavior.
106
What are the methods of treatments for cognitive models
cognitive therapy in which dysfunctional thoughts are challenged and new interpretations are tried out.
107
What are the methods of treatments for Humanistic-Existential Model
role playing, self-discovery, existential therapy -clients accept responsibility for their lives and live with greater meaning and value- I.E. What About Bob-”take a vacation from your problems
108
What are the methods of treatments for Sociocultural Model
group therapy, self-help group (mutual group like ALANON and AA), family therapy, couples therapy, community treatment programs.
109
the Who and What of Biological Model
a medical perspective, genetics
110
the Who and What of Psychodynamic Mode
Freud, (Carl Jung and Albert Adler)
Behavior, normal or abnormal, is determined by underlying psychological forces which are subconscious or unconscious (Id, Ego, Superego)
111
the Who and What of Behavioral Model
Ivan Pavlov (Albert Bandura-Cognitive-behavioral ideology)
The responses of an organism to it’s environment. Behaviors are either internal or external, and the behavioral view is the sum total of learned behaviors.
112
the Who and What of Cognitive Model
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
Abnormalities are due to cognitive dysfunction (thinking errors)
113
the Who and What of Humanistic-Existential Model
Carl Rogers,Gestalt Theory
Focus on broader dimensions of human existence. To become self-actualized (Humanists) and aware (Existentialists) of self.
114
the Who and What of Sociocultural Model
Abnormal behavior is best understood in light of social and cultural forces. Focus on societal labels and roles
115
What are the types of anxieties
1. generalized anxiety disorder
2. Phobias
3. panic disorders
4. OCD
116
persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities.
Generalized anxiety disorders
117
a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object- anxiety must be out of proportion to actual danger or threat of situation.
Phobia
118
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak, and gradually pass. Those who have panic attacks repeatedly and unexpectedly may be suffering from Panic Disorder
panic attacks
119
What is new in the DSM 5 for anxiety disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder- age of onset changed, no longer specifies before 18.
Hoarding disorders are added
120
How are phobias developed and treated
learned behavior, either by classical conditioning, or Modeling
exposure treatments, systematic desensitization, fear hierarchy, flooding (repeated and intense exposure), social skills training.
121
Diagnosing and treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder from the different diagnostic perspectives (Behavioral, model
accidental associations and linking of behaviors or actions to the improvement of the situation.
exposure and response prevention where clients are exposed to anxiety causing events and then are prevented from engaging in their “linked” stress reducing behaviors.
122
Diagnosing and treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder from the different diagnostic perspectives Psychodynamic,
battle between anxiety-provoking Id impulses and anxiety-reducing defense mechanisms.
123
Diagnosing and treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder from the different diagnostic perspectives Cognitive model
those who develop this disorder blame themselves for normal unwanted, repetitive, intrusive thoughts. They try to Neutralize these thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that “make up for it” or put it right.
habituation training where clients call forth obsessive thoughts again and again in order to become desensitized to them and the thoughts thus lose their power to frighten.
124
Diagnosing and treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder from the different diagnostic perspectives Biological model
There’s an abnormally low activity of serotonin and abnormal functioning in key regions in the brain
125
Three ego defense mechanisms are:
Isolation- disown unwanted thoughts and experiences
Undoing- performance of acts that are meant to cancel out their undesirable impulses
Reaction Formation- taking on a lifestyle that directly opposes their inacceptable impulses.
126
What are OCD disorders
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania- hair pulling
Excoriation- skin picking
127
What are common stressors
1. life's daily hassles
2. hostility
3. internal conflicts
128
What are the symptoms of post traumatic stress dissorder
symptoms continue longer than a month,
1. Re-experiencing the traumatic event- flashbacks, nightmares
2. Avoidance- efforts to avoid internal memories or external reminders
3. Altered sense or reality, inability to remember important aspects of trauma
4. Reduced Responsiveness
Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
5. Sleep disturbance,
6. irritable behavior,
7. angry outbursts,
8. hypervigilance,
9. exaggerated startle response,
10. problems concentrating.
129
what are Somatoform, Dissociative, and Factitious Disorders
a physical illness or ailment explained largely by psychosocial causes-
130
What are the differences between Somatoform, Dissociative, and Factitious Disorders
1. Somatoform- where actual changes in physical functioning occur range of sympotms
2. Facticious-an illness with no identifiable physical cause, the patient is believed to be intentionally producing or faking symptoms
3. Dissociative disorders-marked by major changes in memory
131
what are the conversion disorders
a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning
132
what are fictitious disorders
1. Munchhausen syndrome
| 2. Munchhausen syndrome by proxy
133
intentionally faking illness to achieve some external gain (like financial compensation or military leave)
malingering (Factitious Disorder)
134
characterized by sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work, accompanied by inability to recall one’s past and confusion about personal identity or assumption of a new identity.
Dissociative Fugue
135
What is new with the DSM 5 with dissociative dissorders
dissociative fugue is now just a qualifier
136
A disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease
hypochondriasis (Somatoform Disorders)
137
a disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective
body dysmorphic behavior (Somatoform Disorders)
138
this is when one feels as though they have become separated from their body and are observing themselves from outside
depersonalization disorder (Dissociative disorder)
139
people with this disorder are unable to recall important information
dissociative amnesia
140
two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each others thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
141
What are the symptoms of postpartum depression
1. extreme sadness,
2. despair,
3. tearfulness,
4. insomnia,
5. anxiety,
6. intrusive thoughts,
7. compulsions,
8. panic attacks,
9. feelings of inability to cope,
10. suicidal thoughts.
142
what are the causes of postpartum depression
Due to hormonal changes, women with a family history of mood disorders are at higher risk of developing.
143
what are the Key features/emotions of mood disorders
depression and mania
144
what are the types of Unipolar Depression-
Major Depressive Disorder-
1. Recurrent
2. Seasonal
3. Postpartum
4. Melancholic
145
types of symptoms and examples of Recurrent
| depression
preceded by previous episodes
146
types of symptoms and examples of Seasonal depression
if it changes with the season
147
types of symptoms and examples of Melancholic
if the person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events.
148
What are the emotional symptoms of dystemia (depression)
1. sadness,
2. dejected,
3. empty,
4. experience little pleasure,
5. lose sense of humor,
6. anxiety,
7. anger,
8. agitation
149
What are the motivational symptoms of dystemia (depression)
1. lose desire to pursue usual activities,
2. meals,
3. sex,
4. being with friends, etc.
150
What are the behavioral symptoms of dystemia (depression)
1. less active or productive,
2. stay in bed for long periods of time,
3. move or speak more slowly (which also means lower levels of endorphins)
151
What are the cognitive symptoms of dystemia (depression)
1. negative views,
2. feel inadequate, inferior,
3. blame selves
152
What are the physical symptoms of dystemia (depression)
1. headaches,
2. indigestion,
3. constipation,
4. dizzy spells,
5. general pain.
153
how would a behaviorist find depression
results from significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives (i.e. an athlete retiring, or an actor or actress losing face)
154
how would a behaviorist treat depression
clients are
1) reintroduced to pleasurable events and activities,
2) appropriately reinforce depressive and nondepressive behaviors by using a contingency management approach where negative behaviors are ignored while positive behaviors are praised., 3) helped to improve social skills.
155
what are the Differences between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorders
bipolar 1- have full manic and major depressive episodes alternation of episodes
bipolar 2- mildly manic (hypomanic) alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time
156
What are the 4 categories of suicide
Death Seeker-
Death Ignorer-
Death Initiator-
Death Darer
157
a suicide attempt that does not result in death
Parasuicide
158
clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide, clear in desire to die and act in a manner that virtually guarantees a fatal outcome
death seeker
159
do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence. Believe they are trading their lives for a happier existence
death ignorer
160
clearly intend to end their lives, but act out of a belief that the process of death is underway and they are just hastening the process.
death intitiator
161
have mixed feelings or ambivalence in attempt to die. They wish to die, and most often do, the methods used don’t always guarantee death. Russian roulette.
death darer
162
what are the symptoms or triggors of suicide
```
Serious Illness
Abusive Environment-
Occupational Stress
Mood and Thought Changes
Alcohol and Drug Use
Mental Disorders
```
163
-Steps a Crisis Intervention Counselor goes through with a potential suicide victim.
1. Establish a Positive Relationship
2. Understand and clarify problem
3. Assess suicidal potential
4. Assess and mobilize caller’s resources
5. Formulate a plan
164
what are some DSM 5 changes
1. elimination of the 5 axis
2. aspergers is now grouped with autism spectrum disorders
3. body dysmorphia is now an OCD disorder not a somataform
4. new hoarding disorder
5. new internet gaming disorder
165
how do we perceive and experience stress
you have a stimulus-event
the primary appraisal- asses the threat to well being
if
situation is perceived harmless =there is no stress
if
situation is perceived as threatening-=we go to secondary appraisal
Secondary appraisal- determine the coping resources that are available and the likelihood that they can be employed successfully
If
coping mechanisms are thought to be adequate = no stress
If
coping mechanisms are thought to be inadequate =stress
