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Geography 204 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Factors of soil formation 5

A

parent material, time, climate, organisms, topography

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2
Q

Bauxite

A
  • high aluminum content
  • sedimentary
  • removed by strip mining
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3
Q

Soil erosion

A

-sheet erosion (rills and gullies)

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4
Q

Plate Tectonic Theory

A
  • combination of continental drift and sea floor spreading
  • origin, movement of lithospheric plates
  • unifying theory
  • 14 major plates
  • explains long term climate change
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5
Q

O Horizon

A
  • organic horizon
  • topmost layer
  • humus
  • farmlands
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6
Q

A Horizon 3

A
  • topsoil
  • organic matter rich
  • plant roots restricted here
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7
Q

E Horizon

A
  • formed by eluviation and leaching

- transition zone between topsoil and bedrock below

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8
Q

B Horizon

A
  • illuviation
  • subsoil
  • clay, aluminum, iron
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9
Q

R Horizon

A

-solid, unweathered rock

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10
Q

Regolith

A

Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

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11
Q

Weathering

A

The chemical and physical processes that break down rocks

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12
Q

Biological action 3

A
  • plants roots enter crevices and break apart rocks
  • animals burrowing
  • human actions
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13
Q

Oxidation

A
  • oxygen interacts with iron
  • red rocks
  • creates iron oxides
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14
Q

Acids

A
  • give off hydrogen irons when in water

- disrupts internal order of mineral

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15
Q

Landsat data

A
  • false colour images

- used to see forest cover changes

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16
Q

Continental Drift Hypothesis

A
  • Wegener

- first formal proposal of continental movement

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17
Q

Glossopteris

A
  • fossil plant that helps support the theory of continental drift
  • seed fern
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18
Q

Mesosaurus

A

-freshwater reptile whose fossil provided evidence for Continental drift

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19
Q

Lystrosaurus

A

-fossil located on multiple continents; evidence of continental drift
Herbivorous dicynodont therapsid

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20
Q

SONAR

A
  • sound nav and ranging

- used in WW1

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21
Q

Bathymetry

A

the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the seafloor

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22
Q

Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

A
  • Hess
  • new crust forms at MOR
  • crust recycled at oceanic trenches
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23
Q

Seafloor Paleomagnetism

A
  • iron particles mobile in magma

- align with current magnetic field

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24
Q

Paleomagnetic record (terrestrial)

A
  • created from lava flows

- normal and reversed intervals (chrons)

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25
Paleomagnetic record (marine)
- symmetrical patterns on MOR | - predictive tool
26
Lithospheric Plates
- uppermost mantle and crust (solid) | - can be continental crust, ocean crust, combo
27
Divergent Plate Boundaries
- plates move apart - new basaltic crust formed - minor volcanism and shallow earthquakes
28
Oceanic-Oceanic Divergence
- rifting and spreading | - MOR created
29
Continental- Continental Divergence
-creates parallel valleys in a zone with volcanoes and earthquakes
30
Convergent Plate Boundaries
- plates colliding - earthquakes shallow AND deep - mountains created - continental and island arcs
31
Island Arcs
- made by subduction of oceanic plate - forms on overriding plate - oceanic trench, ring of fire
32
Wadati-Benioff Zone
- made by subduction of oceanic plate | - earthquakes that extend AWAY from plate boundary (show depth zones)
33
Accreted Terranes
- crustal mass transported - fused into continent through collision - seen in BC
34
Compression on Land
- shallow = faults (dip slip faults) | - depth = folds (anticlines, synclines)
35
Tension on Land
- shallow = faults | - dip slip
36
Continental-Continental Convergence
- crust crumples and thickens | - creates high mountains and wide plateau
37
ransform plate boundaries
- plates slide past each other - shallow earthquakes - valleys and small mountains
38
Continental-Continental Transform
- offsets continental crust | - plates sliding past each other
39
Oceanic-Oceanic Transform
- spreading centres offset by MOR transform faults | - plates slide horizontally
40
Stress
Force per unit area
41
Strain
Relative amount of distortion
42
Strength
Critical value of rock
43
Elastic Rebound Theory
- Henry Reid - San Francisco - 400 km rupture - stress, strain, rock strength exceeded
44
Focus
The point that slip begins
45
Epicenter
-point on Earths surface directly above focus
46
Continental Crust Earthquakes
- 2-20 km - high temps - pressure below 20km
47
Subduction Zone Earthquakes
- 2-690 km | - cold oceanic lithosphere
48
Dip - Slip Faults
- vertical motion - normal fault - tension - reverse fault - compression
49
Primary Waves 5
- P waves, body waves - 6 km/ sec - FIRST to arrive - compressional - move through solids, liquids, and gas
50
Secondary Waves 5
-S waves, body waves -3.5 km/sec SECOND to arrive -shearing motion -move only through solids
51
Seismographs
- ground moves relative to mass | - movements record minor motions
52
Time-Travel Curves
Used to determine distance the seismograph is from the epicenter
53
Triangulation
3 or more seismographs used to locate epicenter
54
Richter Magnitude Scale
- logarithm of largest wave recorded - one unit increase = 10x ground motion - one unit increase = 32x energy released - used for MAGNITUDE
55
Moment Magnitude Scale
- currently used for MAGNITUDE - rupture length x average slip - one unit increase = 10x faulting area
56
Faulting and Shaking
- primary earthquake hazard - breaks in ground surface and shaking - leading cause of damage and casualties
57
Structure Collapse
- number one cause of damage and casualties | - caused by ground vibrations
58
Amplification of Seismic Waves
- secondary earthquake hazard | - soft sediments amplify shaking
59
Landslides
- secondary earthquake hazard - triggered by ground shaking - failing of the earths surface
60
Loma Prieta Earthquake
- 1989 San Francisco - M 6.9 - 60 casualties - sand geysers caused liquefaction
61
Good Friday Earthquake
- 1964, M 9.2 - 3-4 mins of shaking with 28 aftershocks - 131 dead - 67 m tall wave
62
Sumatra Earthquake
- 2004, M 9.2 - Sunda trench, 1300 km rupture, 9 mins - tsunami, 15-35 m tall, 2km inland - 200,000 casualties
63
Fire
- secondary earthquake hazard | - broken gas and water lines
64
Physical weathering 3
Frost action, pressure release, biological action
65
Chemical weathering
- chemical alteration of rock (alters mineral composition) | - involves water, oxidation, acids
66
Glacial Tillites
- glaciers move from land to sea | - glacial sediment deposits
67
Pangea
- A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land | - 330-200 Ma
68
Drivers of motion
- Convection -warm air rises | - also: ridge push, slab pull, mantle drag, slab roll back, trench suction
69
Fault Ruptures
- begin at focus - moves outward at 2-3 km/sec - related to eq size - "ripping" land
70
C Horizon
- weathered rock | - little to no organic material
71
Igneous rock
Fire rocks
72
Sedimentary rocks
Broken down rocks
73
Metamorphic rocks
Altered rocks
74
Frost wedging
the repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks
75
Pressure release
weathering process in which rocks crack due to reduction in pressure
76
Cynognathus
- Triassic reptile found on both South America and Africa - evidence of continental drift - predatory cynodontian therapsid
77
Striations
- scratches in rock | - determine glacier movement
78
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
-forms deep sea trench and volcanic island arc
79
Oceanic-Continental Convergence
- volcanic belt of mountains formed at plate margin | - subduction
80
Hot Spots
- NOT plate boundary location - created by mantle plume - shallow earthquakes and volcanoes
81
Strike - Slip Faults
- horizontal motion - shear force - right and left lateral
82
Love Waves
- surface waves - 3 km/sec - shearing in horizontal plane - move only through solids - destroy foundations and bridges
83
Rayleigh Waves
- surface waves - 3 km/sec - SLOWEST waves - retrograde motion (elliptical motion) - produce most of ground motion
84
Modified Mercalli Scale
- shaking INTENSITY - values I-XII assigned - qualitative - amplitude of shaking depends on distance from epicenter
85
Liquefaction
- secondary earthquake hazard - triggered by ground shaking - loose sediments behave fluidly
86
Tsunami
- secondary earthquake hazard - underwater displacement and landslides - shallow water wave
87
Chilean Earthquake
- Concepción 1960 - M 9.5 .. largest eq EVER - 5700 casualties - tsunami in Japan 23 hours later
88
Pacific Tsunami Warning System
- NOAA early warning system - Pacific Ocean - readings every 15 mins

Geography 204 (5 decks)

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