Midterm #2 Part 3

Question 1

Cinder cones

Answer 1

• symmetrical, steep sided
• pyroclastic material
• large central vent
• short lived
• mafic to intermediate magmas
• volcano flanks or fields

Question 2

Composite volcanoes

Answer 2

• layers of pyroclastic and lava flows
• intermediate to felsic magmas
• central vent
• gently sloping flanks
• geologically long lived
• violent eruptions

Question 3

Lava domes

Answer 3

• dome shaped
• form in one eruptions event
• high viscosity to felsic lava
• volcano flanks or capping vents

Question 4

Composite Volcano Tectonics

Answer 4

• subduction zones
• intermediate magma and violent eruptions
• convergent plate boundaries

Question 5

Cinder cone tectonics

Answer 5

• rift zones
• mafic magma and short lived eruptions
• divergent plate boundaries and hot spots

Question 6

Shield volcano tectonics

Answer 6

• hot spots
• mafic magma and quiescent eruptions
• some at divergent plate boundaries

Pyroclastic flow

Question 7

Lahar

Answer 7

• volcanic mudflows
• melted ice mixed with ash
• rain mixed with ash

Question 8

Volcanic forcing

Answer 8

• climate forcing factor
• operates independently of climate system
• NOT affected by climate change

Question 9

Volcanic soils

Answer 9

• andisols, adosols, vitriol’s, volcanic ash
• fertilizing elements
• grapes, coffee, kiwi

Question 10

Hilo soil

Answer 10

• state of Hawaii
• bedrock
• red colour
• coffee

Question 11

Mauna Loa

Answer 11

• shield volcano in Hawaii

- largest active volcano on earth

Question 12

Surtsey

Answer 12

• shield volcano in Iceland

- not currently active — erosion

Question 13

Olympus Mons

Answer 13

-shield volcano on Mars

Question 14

Paricutin

Answer 14

• cinder cone in Mexico
• erupted in corn field
• scoria cone

Question 15

SP Crater

Answer 15

• cinder cone in Arizona

- basaltic andesite

Question 16

Mt. Fuji

Answer 16

• composite volcano in Japan

- active

Question 17

Mount St. Helens

Answer 17

• composite volcano in WA
• active
• contains lava dome

Question 18

Black/dark brown

Answer 18

• soil colour
• high organic content
• found in temperate grasslands

Question 19

Brown

Answer 19

• soil colour
• iron oxides w high organic content
• temperate deciduous forest biome

Question 20

Red or orange

Answer 20

• soil colour
• chemical weathering of iron and aluminum
• tropical rainforest biome

Question 21

Blue/green grey

Answer 21

• soil colour
• persistently saturated soils
• estuaries

Question 22

Gray

Answer 22

• soil colour
• heavy leaching of iron
• boreal forest biome

Question 23

Mass wasting

Answer 23

Down slope movement of earth materials under the influence of gravity

Question 24

Controls of wasting

Answer 24

Controlled by:

• gravity
• slope shear strength

Question 25

Rock fall

Answer 25

- fast - steep slopes - creates talus slope - triggered by earthquakes, freeze-thaw, animals

Question 26

Triggers of wasting

Answer 26

Triggered by: | -earthquakes, biological activity, ice wedging, water, removal of vegetation

Question 27

Rock Avalanche

Answer 27

- fast - steep slopes - rock EXPLODES at bottom - triggered by earthquakes and freeze thaw - ex. Yosemite

Question 28

Rock slide

Answer 28

- gravity > slope strength - cohesive mass - tilted plane - bedding planes, foliation - triggered by earthquakes and water - ex. Gros Ventre

Question 29

Slumps

Answer 29

- gravity > slope strength - cohesive mass - base of slope removed & curved slip surface - triggered by undercutting, earthquakes, water - ex. La Conchita

Question 30

Rock avalanche

Answer 30

-fluid movement at bottom

Question 31

Debris flow

Answer 31

- high water content - follows pre existing channels - ex. Glenwood Springs - ex. A lahar

Question 32

Earthflow

Answer 32

- base of large slump - slow and persistent - faster if water added

Question 33

Creep

Answer 33

- slow, gradual movement - expansion and contraction of surface - triggered by freeze thaw and heating and cooling

Question 34

Solifluction

Answer 34

- flow of water saturated soil over permafrost - freeze thaw - Alaska and Canada

Question 35

Monitoring mass wasting risks

Answer 35

- satellite data and GIS - slope steepness - land use - soil type - rainfall - pop size and location

Question 36

Frank Slide Crowsnest Pass

Answer 36

- turtle mountain - covered part of town of Frank - 70 killed - 30 million cubic m

Question 37

Wildwood Slump Calgary

Answer 37

- example of a slump and mudflow - observable from bow river - glacial lake and till deposits

Question 38

Slope failure prevention

Answer 38

- drainage control - grading and benching slope - remove weak layers - slope supports

Question 39

Grading

Answer 39

- reducing the overall slope | - done by benching or cut and fill

Question 40

Slope supports

Answer 40

-supported by retaining walls or stitching