Midterm #2

Question 1

What is Exteroception?

Answer 1

Information about external environment

Question 2

What is Proprioception?

Answer 2

Where you are and how you’re moving in space, information that comes from the body (primarily muscles and joints)

Question 3

What is Interoception?

Answer 3

Information about functions within body

Question 4

What are the 3 Big Sources of Sensory Information

Answer 4

Exteroception
Proprioception
Interoception

Question 5

Exteroceptive Sources of Information

Answer 5

VISION and Audition
- Things we see and hear define physical structure and position objects
- Allows anticipation
- We detect spacial + temporal features of movements and environment

Question 6

Proprioception vs. Kinaesthesia

Answer 6

Proprioception = body in space (ex. pointing somewhere)
Kinaesthesia = body relative to body (ex. Touching your knee)
Both give sensory info coming from body movements

Question 7

Proprioceptive Sources of Information

Answer 7

• Coordinated by CNS
  Vestibular apparatus
  Kinaesthesia (proprioception)
  Muscle spindles
  Golgi tendon organs (GTO’s)
  Joint receptors
  Cutaneous receptors

Question 8

Perception of Movement is affected by what?

Answer 8

The way we produce movement!
- speed of movement
- Active or passive (passive is safer to perceive)
- Force generated
- Danger

Question 9

Joint Receptors

Answer 9

Located in joints/joint capsules
- sense extreme positions

Question 10

Cutaneous receptors

Answer 10

Provide haptic (touch) info
- temp, texture, touch, pressure, nociception (pain/threat)

Question 11

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO’s)

Answer 11

Between muscles and tendons
Inhibitory (prevents over-contraction)
Senses amount of force in various parts of the muscle
- we directly pull on tendons (not bone), which then exert force on bone

Question 12

Vestibular apparatus

Answer 12

Senses orientation of head and body relative to gravity
- Inner ear (balance)

Question 13

What is Closed Loop Control?

Answer 13

Way of understanding how feedback controls movement
- Concept
- Peripherally driven, less CNS
- Error detection
- (usually) used for slow, deliberate movements

Question 14

What 4 things does a closed loop control require?

Answer 14

1) Executive - command/control centre, makes decisions
2) Effector - carries out command
3) Comparator - compares desired and actual sensations to detect error
4) Feedback/Error signal - info about whether desired and actual sensations differ

Question 15

Components of the Executive

Answer 15

• Stimulus identification
• Response selection
• Response program

Question 16

Components of the Effector

Answer 16

• Motor program
• Spinal cord
• Muscles

Question 17

What proprioceptive feedback does the effector provide?

Answer 17

Info about:
- Muscle force
- Muscle length
- Joint position
- Body position

Question 18

Where does exteroceptive information come from after an effector executes a movement?

Answer 18

The output itself is the exteroceptive source of information, we perceive it through vision and audition

Question 19

What is Error detection?

Answer 19

Capability of knowing when a movement is an error
- Expected and actual movements are different
- It doesn’t feel right

Question 20

What are the 2 things that error detection require?

Answer 20

1) Information about sensory qualities of performed movement (what you’re doing right now, sensory feedback)
2) Information about sensory qualities of intended movement (what you have done before/meant to happen, feedforward)

Question 21

What is sensation?

Answer 21

Neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor