Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What were the differences and similarities between the Monty Robinson and Daniel Tschetter case?
A
-both intoxicated when they killed someone
-Monty was police officer and killed 1 and got no time
-Daniel killed 5 and got 8 years
2
Q
Where can the Canadian police be traced back to?
A
-English society
3
Q
Prior to the 11th century in England, was there a regular police force?
A
-no, there wasn’t a regular force
4
Q
What is the frankpledge?
A
-a peace pledge system that was voluntary
-where ten families formed tithing
-tithing’s grouped into hundreds
-affected by bubonic plague
5
Q
What did the hundreds of tithings become?
A
-coalesced into shires (counties)
6
Q
What would the top law enforcement officer become known as during frankpledge?
A
-shire-reeve (sheriff)
7
Q
What happened in the 13th century to this constable-watch system?
A
-formalized by the statute of Westminister
8
Q
What did each parish consist of?
A
-constable and unpaid watchmen
9
Q
When did the peace pledge system last until?
A
-18th century
10
Q
How long did it take for London to get a policing system?
A
-mid 1700s
11
Q
Before London had police, who would police the citizens?
A
-military
12
Q
What happened in 1748?
A
-Henry Fielding created professional law enforcement organization
13
Q
What happened in 1829?
A
-Sir Robert Peel passed London Metropolitan Police Act
-established 3200 person professional police force
14
Q
What were Bobbies expected to do?
A
-reduce tension and conflict
-non-violent means with violence only used as a last resort
-relieve the military from controlling crime
-judged on the basis of the absence of crime
15
Q
The Bobbies form of policing spread throughout where?
A
-England, Australia, USA and Canada
16
Q
According to Ruddell, what are the four eras of policing in Canada?
A
-pre-modern era (prior to 1820)
-political era (1820-1940)
-professional era (1940-1980)
-community era (1980-present)
17
Q
What three types of informal social control did Indigenous peoples use during the pre-modern era?
A
-shaming, ostracism and compensation for victims
18
Q
What punishments did Indigenous people give for crime doers during the pre-modern era?
A
-physical punishment and execution
19
Q
What happened in the 1700s and 1800s in Canada during the pre-modern era?
A
-established constable and justices to maintain peace
-some private policing existed with the Hudson Bay Company
20
Q
What did local politicians do during the political era?
A
-established police services and frequently interfered in policing
21
Q
What model was implemented during the political era?
A
-peel model
22
Q
What happened in 1920 during the political era?
A
-the North-West Mounted Police was established and became the RCMP
-following a paramilitary structure
23
Q
What ensued after the RCMP were created in the political era?
A
-patchwork of policing
24
Q
What is known as the traditional model?
A
-professional era
25
What does the professional era focus on?
-objectivity
-science
-freedom from political influence
26
What was eventually provided for the officers during the professional era?
-uniforms and vehicles
27
What happened to professional associations during the professional era?
-they were slowly implemented
-except the RCMP
28
What happened in 2015 to the RCMP?
-the Supreme Court decided the RCMP should be allowed to have a union
29
What were the three focuses during the community era?
1. Citizen involvement
2. Problem-solving
3. Decentralization
30
What was the main goal of the community era?
-focus on getting the public to help with regulation
31
What were early police forces interested in?
-maintaining public order
-preventing and controlling crime
-providing community services
32
During the municipal policing, how did they initially communicate?
-used police runners
33
When did patrol vehicles get introduced during municipal policing?
-1920
34
When did fingerprinting get introduced during municipal policing?
-1911
35
When did criminal record system and a toxicological analyses get introduced during municipal policing?
-post 1920s
36
What was the most important development during the municipal policing era?
-officers were separated from the community
37
What are the 5 reasons separating the police from the community was significant?
1. Emphasized crime fighting
2. Police become specialized
3. Spent less time on foot
4. Crime rates, service calls and response times determined police operations
5. Officers were recruited on the basis of psychological factors and civil service testing
38
How many police were there in Canada in 2015?
-68,000
39
What percentage of the police in 2015 were municipal?
-67%
40
How many police worked for the provincial government and the RCMP in Canada in 2015?
-9,600
-4000
41
How many employees does the RCMP have?
-26,000
42
How many RCMP officers are there and how many volunteers?
-18,000
-75,000
43
What are the two ways to determine how large a police presence should be?
-population to police officer ratio
-compare number of criminal code incidents to number of police in any force
44
Which organization is a bureaucracy?
-police force
45
What emerged in the 1930s?
-professional model of policing
-remained until 1970s
46
What are the four main ideas within the professional model?
1. Hierarchical differentiation
2. Function differentiation
3. Routinization
4. Centralization of command
47
What happened to Robert Dziekanski?
-was from Poland came to Vancouver airport in 2007
-was held for 10 hours
-tazed by 4-5 people
48
What did the Braid wood inquiry conclude?
-police not justified in using a taser
-officers misrepresented themselves to investigators
49
Are tasers lethal? What did Taser International argue?
-apparently they are non-lethal
50
Where have tasers become common?
-RCMP
-police services
51
What does Kershaw argue about tasers?
-tasers have saved over 4000 lives in NA
52
What have critics pointed out about tasers?
-rarely been tested by impartial parties
53
What did the British government say in 2002?
-tasers are not safe
54
What is the definition of the social contract perspective?
-emphasizes importance of neutrality in policing society
-key to protect society and enforce law
55
What is the definition of the radical perspective?
-police acting on part of ruling class
-considered repressive instrument in society
56
What has happened in a post 9-11 era?
-racial profiling
-a problem
57
When does racial profiling take place?
-when police move from standard practice of case probability to class probability
58
What is case probability?
-when you get witnesses who are likely to have perpetuated the crime
59
What is class probability?
-when you stick to a certain group because you believe they are more prone to crime
60
Supporters of what support racial profiling?
-crime control model
61
What does discretion involve?
-police using independent judgement to deal with crime
62
Why is discretion a necessary part of policing?
-it is impossible to create a set of rules for every scenario they may face
63
What happened in 1988?
-Supreme Court ruled that discretion is part of an officers' position
-cannot be applied arbitrarily
64
What three factors are influential when an officer decides to intervene in an event?
1. Serious/type of crime involved
2. Attitude of the citizen
3. Department policies specify how discretion is to be applied
65
What variables can affect an officers decision to arrest?
-many variables
-situational, community, and extralegal factors
66
What are the 5 situational variables?
1. Seriousness of crime
2. Strength of evidence
3. Preference of victim
4. Relationship between victim and suspect
5. Demeanour of suspect
67
What are the 4 community variables?
1. Minority and working-class communities
2. Officers perception of danger (more danger = greater likelihood of arrest)
3. Citizens attitude towards police (model of troubled areas)
4. Community legal culture (desires of community)
68
What are extralegal factors?
-race, class and gender
-mandatory arrest
69
What did Bienvenue and Latif say?
-Aboriginal people more likely to be arrested for all offences except drug and traffic violations
70
What are the two aspects of police subculture?
-positive and negative
71
What is positive police subculture?
-sense of collectiveness
-helps officers deal with stress, control inappropriate actions and informal teaching tool to learn the "craft"
72
What is the negative police subculture?
-resistance to change
-support for rights violations
-misuse of authority
-resistance to accountability
73
What six values are said to exist that bond police together?
1. Police only real crime fighters
2. No one understands real nature of police
3. Loyalty to colleagues
4. Rules need to be bent (for officers)
5. Public is unreasonable and unsupportive
6. Detective work better than patrol work
74
What do officers do to deal with their supervisors and members of the community?
-they're suspicious
-"maintain the edge" (read people accurately)
-"laying low" (not catching attention of supervisor)
75
What is a part of the unique personality possessed by police?
-cynicism
-hostility
-dogmatism
-conservatism
76
What is concerning about a police personality?
-poor relationships with community
-police deviance
-greater use of deadly force
77
Is the police personality a result of socialization or predisposition?
-value orientation that is socialized
78
What did Niederhoffer say about the police personality?
-new officers least cynical
-become cynical in first few months
-less cynical near retirement
79
What have personality differences demonstrated with educational backgrounds?
-they affect personality differences
80
What were less educated officers more likely to be?
-authoritarian
-conservative
-rigid
81
What were officers with degrees more likely to possess?
-professionalism
-initiative
-fewer complainants
82
What is deadly force?
-force used with intent to cause bodily injury or death
83
What were police allowed to do until 1995?
-shoot a fleeing felon
84
Why were police allowed to shoot a fleeing felon?
-authorized by parliament
-officers believe on reasonable grounds force is necessary to protect self from death or bodily harm
85
Why was the jurisdiction on shooting a felon problematic?
-unclear what is as much force as necessary
-how much force?
-police are placed in difficult position
86
In order to control the use of deadly-force by the police, what two mechanisms have been implemented?
1. Reasonableness standard (difficult to attain convictions)
2. Legislation to force cooperation in cases of death, injury or other force
87
What province has the highest rate of deadly force?
-Northwest Territories
88
Where are the most incidents of deadly force reported?
-Quebec and Ontario
89
What are the most important factors over why someone uses deadly force?
-lack of community cohesion
-organizational values of force
-training
90
What are one of the things the police have been criticized for?
-not meeting the needs of contemporary society
91
What does the top down approach lead to?
-an overlap of responsibilities
-fails to promote personal ingenuity
92
What is police efficiency measured by?
-response times and arrest rates
93
What are response times adversely affected by?
-time it takes for citizens to call them
-management of demand/differential response
94
What are cons of using arrest rates for efficiency?
Not ideal way to measure efficiency or deter crime because:
-much crime not reported
-many people arrested but not prosecuted
95
What is seen as an alternative to using arrest rates?
1. Clearance rates
2. Number of arrests that lead to successful prosecution
3. Fear reduction (but fear isn't linked to risk/crime)
96
What do the police role encompass?
-rights and responsibilities with a particular position
-role expectations and conflicts
-occupy conflicting roles (social agent and crime fighter)
97
What did Muir note as the different styles of policing?
-professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, avoiders
98
What did Wilson note as the four styles of policing?
-social agent
-watchman
-law enforcer
-crime fighter
99
What is the backbone of policing?
-patrol
100
When was patrol introduced and by whom?
-Peel in 1829
101
What is the purpose of patrol?
1. Deter crime
2. Maintain public order and sense of security
3. Provide 24-hour services
102
What does much police working involve?
-activities unrelated to crime
-80% of all calls are neighbourhood disputes, animal control, noise complaints, and locating lost children
103
What is incident-driven policing AKA?
-reactive policing
104
What is incident-driven policing?
-police react to citizens calls for help
105
What is proactive policing?
-police crack down on drug trade, prostitution, or fencing stings
-acting, often interacting with criminals before crime occurs
106
Is it clear whether patrol officers arrests actually deter crime?
-no
107
What are directed patrol?
-when police time is spent at certain locations
108
How effective is directed patrolling?
-reducing car thefts and robberies
-but do they merely displace criminals
109
What are hot spots?
-busiest spots
110
What type of patrols were the main type until the 1930s?
-foot patrols until cars came out
-re-emerged in 1970s
111
What did the Flint Neighbourhood Foot Patrol Program do?
-implemented in 1970s
-reduced crime slightly
-generated confidence in police and reduced fear of crime
112
What did Kansas City do in 1972-73?
-Kansas City preventative patrol experiment
-three types of patrols: reactive, proactive, and control
113
What was the result of the Kansas City experiment?
-different types of patrol didn't affect anything
-crime rates, citizens attitude towards officer, fear of crime, rates of reported crime
114
What are the three explanations for why these police patrols are ineffective?
1. Patrols are spread out
2. Many crimes cannot be prevented by police
3. Some criminals not affected by patrols (displacement)
115
What does investigating crime involve?
-obtaining information to recreate the circumstances of a crime
116
What do criminal investigations usually include?
-preliminary investigation
-follow up investigation
117
Who makes the most arrests?
-about 8/10 patrol officers make the most arrests
-rather than detectives
118
What are the many concerns about policing expressed by Canadians?
-patrols, detectives, arrests, reactive policing and private security forces do not seem to reduce crime
119
What is swatting?
-form of hatred, send fake email to mayor or police saying someone will commit terrorism
-targets minorities
120
What is the broken windows model?
-Kelling and Wilson 82
-police and neighbourhood safety
121
What were the findings of the broken windows model?
1. Neighbourhood disorder creates fear
2. Disorder sends out crime-promoting signals
3. Police get involved at first signs of deterioration
122
What leads to zero tolerance policy?
-broken windows policing
123
What is problem-oriented policing?
-direct resources at cause of crime
-emphasis on partnership with people in community to determine what's going wrong
-policing hot spots using business owners and residents
-Kansas City gun project
124
What is the Kansas City Gun Project 92-93?
-program to deter gun carrying in hot spot areas
-saw major decrease in this crime
125
What is community policing?
-building stronger communities that police themselves
-decentralized mini-stations
-community partnerships
-embraces issues of disorder, decay, fear of crime and maintenance
126
What is zero-tolerance?
-order maintenance
-crime attack model
-communities may not be able to police themselves
-concentrates on specific types of crime
-place-specific oriented
-favours existing command structure
127
Remake chart for types of policing in police operations lecture!
Did this!
128
What is intelligence led policing?
-policing risk society during the information age
129
What did intelligence led policing do?
-used computer assisted programs for identifying high crime places and recidivists
-predictive policing
-global scope
130
What were the three main goals of intelligence led policing?
-target recidivists
-manage hot spots
-develop multiagency partnerships
131
Is it easy to validly and reliably measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the police?
-no, not easy
132
In the summary section, what are the basic functions of the police?
-patrol and investigate crime
133
Is there consensus regarding the most effective policing style?
-no, there isn’t consensus
134
Quiz yourself on the RCMP video?
-okay, I did it
135
What is the Reid technique's main principles?
1. Theme
2. Isolation
3. Minimization (negative effects of confessing)
136
What is the most important piece of evidence for police?
-confession
