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Midterm #2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What is the purpose of a Randomized Control Trial (RCT)?

A

To establish causality in a controlled setting

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2
Q

Dynarski reported that students without laptops in the classes received lower test scores that their peers

A

False

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3
Q

Wilenskys Law: “the more evaluation, the less program development

A

True

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4
Q

Which one of these is not an example of an experiment?

1.Randomized control trials
2.Observation
3.Natural Quasi
4.Laboratory

A

Observation

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5
Q

What Happens in a Natural Quasi-Experiments?

A

Exploit “near random” exposure to treatment and compare outcomes

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6
Q

Judge policies for efficiency: Are benefits> costs?

A

Cost-Benefit Analysis

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7
Q

Present $$ is more valuable than “Future $$”

A

True

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8
Q

A randomized control trials is the best method to establish causality of a policy treatment because…

A

The difference between the treatment and control can be monitored

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9
Q

“Experts are often wrong, and the good ones among them are the first to admit it”

A

True

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10
Q

According to Nichols, there is concern about American ignorance regarding public policy because of…

  1. Acts of rejecting expert advice
    2.”Dunning-Kruger effect”
    Death of expertise
    Conformation bias
A

All of the above

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11
Q

Scientists are empirical and maintain objectivity

A

False

They try to but are humans so they could fail

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12
Q

What is Conformation bias

A

Tendency to look for information affirming what you already believe in

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13
Q

According to Wilensky, it’s better to ask small questions and move policies within 5 year time span

A

False

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14
Q

What did Auguste Comete believe

A

Positivism human thought evolves from religious metaphysical to scientific

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15
Q

Which is not a premise of science

A

Connectivity: make sure everything is interconnected

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16
Q

According to Nichols, objectivity is accomplished by intersubjectivity, expert community policing one another?

A

True

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17
Q

What is the cycle of how science works

A

Theory–> Hypothesis–>data–>empirical patterns

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18
Q

Which of the following is a reason why science sometimes doesn’t work

1.Scientist fail to be emperical
2.Scientist fail to maintain objectivity
3.Policy makers dont care

A

All of the above

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19
Q

According to Wilensky, which is his best claim about social sciences

A

In the U.S. social science contributes less to policy making than in Europe

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20
Q

Theory is a guess of a specific and testable implication

A

False

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21
Q

According to Wilensky the U.S. is fragmented and decentralized

A

True

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22
Q

Which is not an example of being emperical

  1. observing how many people get in the bus
  2. Researcher claiming that people are bad w/out having observations/evidence
    3.observing how many people put their grocery cart away
    4.observing how many people clean their air
A

2.Researchers claiming that people are bad without having observation/evidence

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23
Q

How do scientist have control in their study

A

have only primary evidence

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24
Q

Does discounting favor the present generation over the future generation

A

True

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25
According to Reid, which of the following is a measurement of tax?
Tax capacity Tax collection Tax Effort
26
Does The Lamppost Effect benefit the Office of Management, Budget, & Congressional Budget Office?
True
27
The U.S. Tax Revenue has increased over the years since 1995.
False
28
Which of the following do Taxes not do?
Enhance the Illegitimacy of Government
29
Most Tax Deductions favor the Wealthy.
True
30
Which of the following is not a dimension of taxes?
Tax Expenditures
31
Which country has the highest income inequality among rich democracies?
USA
32
Moral Hazard is considered a form of government failure.
True
33
According to Nichols, Informed arguments are a sign of intellectual health in a democracy.
True
34
Tax Burden
Overall tax revenues as a percentage of GDP
35
Tax Capacity
Potential revenue a government could collect if it taxed all income and wealth at average rates
36
Tax Effort
Actual revenue a country collects through taxes relative to its potential capacity
37
Tax Collection
Amount of tax paid under a nation's law that is actually collected
38
Top Rate
Maximum tax rate imposed on the highest level of income
39
Capital Gains Tax
Tax on profits made from trading stocks, bonds, real estate, or commodities
40
Sales Tax
Retail tax imposed on most purchases, varies by state and city
41
Something-for-nothing theory
Theory that tax cuts lead to economic growth
42
Arthur Laffer
Economist who proposed the something-for-nothing theory
43
Adam Smith
Economic conservative who supported progressive taxation
44
Who is August Comete
one of the founders of sociology
45
What does Nicolas state in regards to obtaining information?
Actual research is boring and often boring
46
Science is what?
Objective
47
What does science involve?
Control to avoid distortions
48
What is the product of science is Knowledge?
Description (why?) Explanation (why?) Prediction (future; New settings?)
49
Good science is _______
Humble
50
Is science certain?
No it is uncertain
51
One should always be skeptical according to Nichols
True
52
Can a hypothesis be falsifiable?
Yes
53
Why does science sometimes not work?
fail to be emperical fail to maintain objectivity Not updating as time goes by
54
According to Wilensky what did policy makers not care about?
Job-training and healthcare research
55
Wilensky Law
More evaluations, the less program development; the more demonstration projects, the less follow through
56
What is the Independent?
X Predictor, treatment, "cause"
57
What is the dependent?
Y Outcome, response, "effect"
58
What is reverse
Y might cause C
59
What is spurious
Also known as the 3rd variable problem where X is related to some other variable Z and Z causes both X and Y
60
In the Dynarski laptop band experiment who was the controlled group?
Those who where not allowed laptops
61
What are Labatory Experiments?
Stimulating real world processes
62
What are Randomized controlled trials?
Real world settings with real treatments and real outcomes
63
What are Natural Quasi Experiments?
Exploit "near random" exposure to treatment and compare outcomes
64
What are policies based on?
Hunches or good intentions (not evidence)
65
What are the 4 steps to Judge Policies for efficiency?
1. How much will the policy cost? 2. Identify Benefits and Estimates $ value of benefits 3.Apply Discount rate 4. Compare cost vs. Benefits
66
How do you compare cost vs. benefit?
Net Benefit= Benefit - cost Ratio of Benefit/cost= How much benefit per $
67
Quantification cause us to be what?
Uneffective Crass Utilitarians
68
What is an Uneffective crass Utilitarian?
Only focuses on materials such as money
69
Who is supposed to be the Engine?
Senators and congress people
70
Who is supposed to be the camera?
CBO
71
Is the U.S. one of the few countries with no VAT?
True
72
Does the U.S have less tax burden on people?
True
73
Does the U.S. have lower Tax revenue?
True
74
What are the Dimensions of taxes?
1. Capacity 2. Adequacy 3. Progressivity 4. Borad basing 5. Others- simpicity, convinience, predictability
75
Revenue < spending since 1973
True
76
Are U.S. taxes Progressive?
True
77
Progressive
Property/wealth taxes Income taxes capital gain taxes Inheritance Taxes
78
Less progressive
Sales Tax Value Added tax Payroll taxes Most deduction taxe s
79
Who does Tax deduction favor?
The wealthy
80
What does progressive system mean?
Where the rich pay more
81
If you have low wage you dont have to pay FICA?
False
82
What is income?
comprehensive measure of a households economic resources
83
What is poverty?
shortage of recources vs needs
84
Does the U.S have the highest income inequality among rich democracies?
True
85
What causes high U.S. poverty and inequality?
Weak U.S. Social policies
86
What is Moral hazard
A government failure
87
What do social policies actually do?
1. Redistribution between rich and poor 2. Insure against Risks 3. invest in well-being (education and health) 4. Creates opportunities 5. Shapes norms and values
88
Did expanded CTC reduce poverty?
Yes by 50% reduction in child poverty
89
What does the U.S. Need in regards to health
Low morality High expectancy
90
The Bismark Model
Named by German chancellor created to quiet down democracy financed through insurance fees
91
The beverage Model
Named after British policy makers Government is main single payer free access to health care
92
What is the U.S. Healthcare system model close to?
Bismark Model
93
How many Americans do not have Insurance?
10%

Public Policy (3 decks)

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