Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is the difference between a simple wave and a complex wave?
A simple wave is a sine wave
A complex wave is 2 or more sine waves
Simple Wave
-one sine wave
-one frequency
-aka pure tone
Complex Wave
-adding 2 or more sine wave components together
Waveform synthesis
-adding 2 sine waves together thus synthesizing a wave form
What is a fourier analysis?
-process when you can break down a complex wave (periodic or aperiodic) into its individual sine wave components
What is a fourier series?
-series of sine waves that got added together to produce the complex wave
What is an aperiodic complex wave?
-wave that does not have any repetitive pattern
What is a periodic wave?
-wave that has a repetitive pattern
T/F all complex waves can be described as a sum of simple sine waves
-true
What is a periodic complex wave?
-any wave with a regulating repeating pattern that is not a single sine wave
Definition of aperiodic complex waves?
-there is no fundamental frequency and there are no harmonics
The frequency components of a complex periodic wave often have a _____ to the lowest frequency component.
-harmonic relation
T/F: Frequency components of a complex periodic wave have to have a harmonic relation to the lowest frequency component
-false
-they dont HAVE to
What is the fundamental frequency?
F0 of a complex periodic wave is the frequency that all the other frequencies are multiples of
T/F: The fundamental frequency is always the lowest frequency component of a complex wave?
False, it is usually the lowest frequency component component of a complex. But, your brain can fill in the missing fundamental
Example: 200,500,700,900
F0= 100
What are harmonics?
-The integer multiple of the fundamental
T/F: A complex wave does not need to have all the harmonics of the F0, it can be just some.
True
What are overtones?
-Any harmonic above the fundamental
-First overtone is the second harmonic
What is a partial?
-Any of the frequency components of a complex wave
What is the domain and range of a waveform?
-domain: time
-range: amplitude
What is the domain and range of a spectrum?
-domain: frequency
-range: amplitude
Can a waveform or a spectrum tell you which frequencies are present?
Spectrum
What kind of harmonics do saw tooth waves have?
-even and odd harmonics
In sawtooth waves, what is the relationship between harmonics and amplitude?
-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H
-6dB per octave
What kind of harmonics do square waves have?
odd harmonics
In square waves, what is the relationship between harmonics and amplitude?
-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H
-6dB per every octave
What kind of harmonics do triangle waves have?
odd harmonics
In triangle waves, what is the relationship between amplitude and harmonics?
-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H^2
-12dB drop off per every octave
Do successive amplitudes drop off further in square waves or triangle waves?
triangle waves
What is a pulse?
-aka a click
-a single rectangular shaped waveform
-aperiodic
What is the spectrum of a pulse?
-continuos spectrum
What is a pulse train
-periodic series of clicks (pulses)
What is the spectrum of a pulse train?
-line spectrum
Exaplain the myoelastic & aerodynamic elements of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory?
-VF move apart because the pressure builds from lungs and trachea until the vocal folds are forced apart
VF recoil because of…
1. aerodynamic element: the bernoulli affect (which is when air is moving quickly between 2 objects, thus the pressure drops in that gap, so the objects are pulled inward to fill that gap)
2. myoelastic element: the elastic characteristics of the muscle pulls the vocal folds back together
Why is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory not complete?
-Energy is lost in vocal fold vibration (in the form of acoustic energy and friction), so energy has to be pumped back in.
-It needs an asymmetry of an external force and an internal force to pump energy back into the system.
What does Titze’s self-oscillation theory account for that the myoelastic theory does not?
Titze’s self-oscillation theory accounts for the energy loss that needs to be compensated for with an asymmetric force
T/F:
Titze’s self-oscillation theory provides an external asymmetric force and internal asymmetric force.
True
external: airflow pressure (one mass model)
internal: vocal fold configuration (3 mass model)
What is the asymmetrical external force of Titze’s self oscillation theory?
What is happening during the closing phase and opening phase?
airflow pressure (aka vocal tract inertance)
-opening phase pressure & air flow is high
-closing phase pressure & air flow is low
Describe the steps of the one mass model of Titze’s theory of self oscillation
-as the VFs open, the air flow increases as the VF become wider
-the intraglottal pressure (pressure between VF) becomes high which continues to drives the VF apart
- as the air-mass moves up through the gap between the vocal folds, there isn’t new air coming from under it to fill the gap, thus there is a pressure drop in between the VFs
- this pressure drop sucks the VFs back together again
What is the internal asymmetric force of Titze’s self oscillation theory?
What is happening during the closing phase and opening phase?
asymmetric tissue movement (ripple movement)
-opening (convergent phase)
-closed (divergent phase)
Describe the steps of the three-mass model
-internal asymmetric force is due to the VF moving in a rippling manner
-this results in different glottic configurations (shape of VFs) in different parts of the cycle
-as VF opens they form a convergent shape with higher interglottal (between VF) pressure (between VF)
-as VF close they form a divergent shape with lower interglottal (between VF) pressure
What are the two configurations explained by the three mass model?
-convergent
-divergent
In the convergent configuration of the vocal folds, there is _____ inter glottal pressure
higher
What is the glottal source signal?
- not an acoustic signal coming from the glottis
How is glottal source signal similar and different to square wave, sawtooth wave, and triangular wave?
-similar to sawtooth wave in the shape
-similar to sawtooth wave in that it has even & odd harmonics
-similar to triangle wave in that it is a -12dB drop per octave
-not similar to square wave
In glottal source signal, a lower fundamental frequency makes the harmonic spacing ____ and a higher fundamental frequency makes the harmonic spacing _____
-closer
-further
Do real human voices have non harmonic partials?
Yes
Which has a larger open quotient?
Hyperfunctional or hypofuncational?
Hypofunctional
Which has a longer closed quotient?
Hyperfunctional or hypofuncational?
Hyperfunctional
What is jitter?
-small disturbances in frequency from cycle-to-cycle instead of being uniform
What is shimmer?
-cycle-to-cycle variants in amplitude
T/F
You cannot have jitter and shimmer at the same time?
-You can, normal human voices have both at the same time
What kind of speech samples can be used to measure jitter and shimmer?
sustained vowels
What does HNR stand for?
harmonics to noise ratio
Explain what HNR means
The proportion of someones voice that is made of harmonics (in comparison to the random partials)
A person with vocal fold nodules, more air escapes during vibration of folds therefore there is more noise
-Does this person have a low or high HNR
low
there is a high correlation between HNR and what vocal qualities?
-hoarseness
-breathiness
-roughness
How are HNR and NRH related to eachother?
Inversely proportional
What does MPT stand for?
What does it mean?
-maximum phonation time
-maximum time a person can sustain a vowel from one deep breath at a comfortable pitch and loudness
What is phonation threshold pressure? (PTP)
-minimal transglottal pressure needed for vocal fold vibration
How does PTP vary across pitch change?
- PTP increases as the frequency increases
What is a phonetogram?
How is it related to the Voice Range Profile?
phonetogram and voice range profile are used interchangeably
The voice range profile shows…
-range of frequencies someone can produce with their voice and how loud they can make them
What clinical conditions can cause hypofunctional voice?
-paralysis
-mass lesion
-VF bowing
How do hypofunctional voices sound?
breathy
What clinical complications can cause hyperfunctional voice?
-muscle tension dysphonia
-adductor spasmodic dysphonia
How do hyperfunctional voices sound?
-tight
-rough
-strained
-pulse register is also known as…
-what are characteristics of pulse register?
-glottal fry
-low frequency and irregular vibrations
modal register is also known as
chest voice
falsetto register is also known as
head voice
How are the vocal folds configured in a pulse register?
-VF are short and thick
-may involve false vocal folds
How are vocal folds configured in modal register?
-VFs are loose and relaxed
How are the vocal folds configured in falsetto register?
-lengthened VF
-less vibration in the deep layers and more vibration in the outward layers
T/F Falsetto register has less of a dynamic range compared to modal.
True
