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biosci 94 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

(39 cards)

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1
Q

prokaryotes

A

has: nuclei, binary fission, circular DNA
haploid
includes: bacteria, archaea (unicellular)

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

has: mitochondria, lysosome, nucleus, GA, ER, cytoskeleton, linear chromosomes
diploid
includes: fungi, animals, land plants, algae (uni & multicellular)

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3
Q

bacteria vs archaea

A

bacteria:
RNA polymerase- 1 type
present peptidoglycan in cell wall
1st amino acid added in translation: formylmethionine
no histones associated with DNA

archaea:
RNA polymerase- 1 type
no peptidoglycan
1st amino acid added: methionine
yes histones associated with DNA

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4
Q

gram stain

A

composition of cell wall relative to plasma membrane
gram positive- more peptidoglycan, appears more purple
gram negative- less, more pink

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5
Q

autotrophs

A

produce own food
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

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6
Q

photoautotrophs

A

energy from photosynthesis (6CO2 + 12H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + O2 +6H2O)

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7
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

energy from oxidation of electron donors
(6H2S (hydrogen sulfide) + 2O2 -> SO4 (sulfate) + 2H + energy)

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8
Q

heterotrophs

A

rely on organic molecules
photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

protists

A

single celled eukary, reproduces via alt of generations

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10
Q

origin of nuclear envelope

A
  1. infoldings of plasma membrane surround chromosomes
  2. eukary cell arises (the infoldings forms nuclear envelope and ER)
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11
Q

origin of nucleus

A

single nucleus elaborated by adding a second nucleus resulting in a eukary w/ a diploid nucleus

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12
Q

origin of mitochondria

A

endosymbiosis theory:
1. host cell surrounds and engulfs bacteria
2. bacteria lives in host cell
3. endosymbiosis: host cell supplies bacteria with protection and carbon compounds, bacterium supplies host w/ATP
RESULT- host cell loses ability to exist on their own- making it permanent

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13
Q

origin of chloroplasts

A

endosymbiosis theory + second endosymbiosis:
1. photosynethic protist is engulfed
2. nucleus from protist is lost
3. organelle has 4 membranes (chloroplasts)

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14
Q

foraminifera

A

protist, shell, in ocean for more than 500 million years, good indicators of climate change bc abundance, distribution, and sensitive to environment

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15
Q

englenids

A

protist, 1/3 are photosynthetic
ex: trypanosoma species- causes sleeping sickness

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16
Q

ampicomplexans

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A

protist, parasitic, moves by flexion
ex: plasmodium falciparum- causes malaria

17
Q

dinoflagellates

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A

protist, 1/2 are photoautotrophic, most are plankton covered with silicate based shells

18
Q

alt of gen protists (plasmodium falciparum)

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A
  1. zygote (diploid)
    via meiosis
  2. haploid cells
  3. mosquito bites human
  4. infects liver cells via mitosis (divides)
  5. infect red blood cells via mitosis
  6. emerge as gametes (haploid)
  7. sucked out by mosquito
    fertilization
19
Q

land plants

Study These Flashcards
A

nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

20
Q

key innovations for land plants to survive

Study These Flashcards
A

cuticle: waxy layer helps plant retain moisture
stomata: series of pores for gas exchange
formation of vascular tissue

21
Q

nonvascular plants

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A

innovations- cuticle, spores, sporangia (origin of land plants)
mosses (antheridia- M, archegonia- F), liverworts, hornworts

22
Q

alt of gen for nonvascular plants

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. zygote (2n) in archegonium
    mitosis
  2. developing sporophyte (2n)
  3. mature female gametophyte (n) + mature sporophyte (2n) develops on top
    meiosis
  4. sporangia (underside of sporophyte) produces 2 spores (gametophytes) dispersed by wind
    mitosis
  5. developing gametophytes (n)
  6. mature female gametophyte, mature male gametophyte
  7. in F- egg develop in archegonia
    in M- sperm develop in antheridia
    sperm swim to eggs
    fertilization
23
Q

alt of gen non vascular plants innovations

Study These Flashcards
A

heterosporous: 2 different spores
gametophyte dom
M and F gametophyte independant
sporophyte physically attached to gametophyte (mosses)
req water

24
Q

vascular plants

Study These Flashcards
A

innovations- most visual stuff (ex: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves), coal forming swamps
club mosses, whisk ferns, ferns, horsetails

25
vascular tissue
made up of cellulose and ligin, moves water, nutrients, food up and down plant- root to shoot, shoot to root
26
root to shoot
in xylem- tracheids, vessel elements pushing water from ground via transpiration-cohesion
27
transpiration-cohesion
sun causes evaporation water leaves (through stomata) empty space water from below goes up bc of cohesion: bc O and H differ in electronegativity it allows water to stick to surface resulting in sucking force
28
shoot to root
in phloem tissue- sieve tube element, companion cell pushes sugar from leaves down
29
total plant vascular system:
1. {root to shoot} sucking up in xylem (transpiration cohesion) 2. {shoot to root} highest pressure, pumped down in phloem passing through sieve element (leaf -sugar-> companion -> ploem) 3. lower pressure (ploem -water-> companion -> root) 4. cycle complete xylem movement bc transpiration cohesion phloem movement bc pressure flow
30
alt of gen for vascular plants
1. zygote (2n) in archegonium 2. gametophyte (n) + sporophyte (2n) develops out of mitosis 3. mature sporophyte (2n) meiosis 4. sporangia prod spores (n), dispersed by wind mitosis 5. developing gametophyte (n) mitosis 6. mature gametophyte (n) 7. on underside of gametophyte: sperm develops in antheridia- M, eggs develop in archegonia- F sperm swims to egg fertilization
31
alt of gen vascular plants innovations
homosporous: one spore type sporophyte dominant (still separate gametophyte) requires water
32
gymnosperms
seeds ginkgoes, cycads, redwoods, pines, gnetophytes
33
alt of gen gymnosperms innovations
heterosporous sporophyte dom, F gametophyte always attached to sporophytic tissue aka not independent nonmotile sperm (no water req) has seeds: embryo of sporophyte in protective package includes food supply
34
alt of gen for gymnosperms
1. embryo (2n) in F gametophyte 2. embryo part of seed, seeds disperse by wind or animals 3. developing sporophyte mitosis 4. mature sporophyte (2n) 5. cones (2n) with microsporangia- M meiosis 6. microspore (n) mitosis 7. pollen grain (M gametophyte), disperse by wind 5. ovulate cone contains ovules which contain megasporangia- F 6. in ovules- megasporangia develop into megasporangium 7. mother cell (2n) in megasporangium 8. pollen grain enters megasprongium, mother cell prod 4 meiotic products- 1 forms megaspore, 3 die 9. megaspore divides to form F gametophyte (n)- which produces via mitosis 2 eggs (n), pollen grains release sperm fertilization (1 egg gets fertilized)
35
angiosperms
flowering plants carpel (F)- stigma (where pollen enters), style, ovary stamen (M)- anther (pollen produced), filament
36
alt of gen for angiosperms
1. zygote (2n) in ovary mitosis 2. develops into fruit, which has seeds 3. embryo (2n) in seed 4. developing sporophyte (2n) 5. mature sporophyte (2n) 6. at top of stamen, anther (2n) meiosis 7. microspore (n) mitosis 8. forms pollen grain (M gametophyte) 6. at bottom of carpel, megasporangium (2n) inside ovary meiosis 7. megaspore (n) still inside ovary mitosis 8. F gametophyte (n), produces egg inside ovary 9. pollen lands near F gametophyte producing sperm and pollen tube -> sperm travels down tube to reach egg (n) double fertilization
37
double fertilization
in ovary polar nuclei fertilized by sperm to form triploid aka endosperm (3n): supply fuel needed for seed to grow result: regular fertilization= zygote, double fertilization= endosperm
38
alt of gen angiosperms innovations
gametophyte further reduced double fertilization flowers and fruits
39
why angiosperms most successful
bc more water efficient (advantage of more environments), better morphological structures (ex: vascular tissue), capable of more rapid maturation, any animal can pollinate flowers, has fruit (which attracts animals to disperse seeds)

biosci 94 (4 decks)

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