midterm 3 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
animals
A
most diverse (3-10 mil species),
occurred in a lineage (opisthokonta),
monophyletic, multicellular,
has extracellular matrix, proteins for cell cell adhesion/communication (stick to each other and talk), heterotrophs (energy from existing mol)
2
Q
when did animals evolve rapidly?
A
cambrian explosion (half a billion years ago)-
new resources to take advantage of= higher O2 levels enable evolution of large mobile animals, higher quality food source (bc algae), predators (to get better than others)
many different environments/niches
genetic tool kit evolved
3
Q
what characterizes animals?
A
has brains and muscles- except sponges
has motile movement- power movement at some point in their life cycle
4
Q
hox genes
A
developmental genes, expressed on tissues in different species
5
Q
comparative genetics
A
whole chromosome shows differences and similarities
6
Q
3 nodes/innovations
A
- multicellularity
- diploblasty, radial symmetry
- triploblasty, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, coelom
7
Q
radial symmetry
A
symmetrical on multiple planes
8
Q
bilateral symmetry
A
symmetrical on 1 plane
9
Q
how is body symmetry associated with the NS?
A
triploblasts (bilateral)- CNS= clustered neurons near head
diploblasts (radial)- nerve nets= diffuse neurons with hydra
10
Q
diploblasty
A
2 layers of tissue:
endoderm (inner): respirator tract, lining of digestive tract
ectoderm (outer): covering of animal aka skin
11
Q
triploblasty
A
3 layers:
endoderm
mesoderm (middle): muscles, organs, bones
ectoderm
12
Q
coelom
A
gap for O2 and nutrients to circulate, enables internal organs to move independently past each other
in between mesoderm and endoderm
13
Q
parasites
A
harvest nutrients from parts of their hosts
endoparasites: live inside hosts
ectoparasites: live outside hosts
14
Q
suspension feeders
A
capture food by filtering out particles in water or air
15
Q
fluid feeders
A
suck liquids
ex: nectar, blood
16
Q
deposit/bottom feeders
A
eat organic material that’s in or on surface
17
Q
mass feeders
A
eat chunks of food (us)
18
Q
hydrostatic skeleton
A
tubes and hoses that can be pumped up and deflated
19
Q
endoskeleton
A
internal bones, muscles can attach and move around
20
Q
exoskeleton
A
rigidity and strength for organism to move around, external (suit of armor) but attached to inside of organism
21
Q
tube feet
A
elaborate pump systems with tissues that come out, uses hydrostatic tubes
22
Q
viviparious
A
everything develops inside (no actual egg), give birth to live young
23
Q
oviparous
A
lays egg, develops, hatches, all nutrition inside egg
24
Q
ovoviviparous
A
has eggs but don’t lay, offspring develop inside egg in bodies, hatch inside, and young born live
25
animal groups
porifera (sponges)
ctenophora (comb jellies)
cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones)
PROTOSTOMES:
lophotrochozoans- rotifers, flatworms, segmented worms, mollusks
ecdysozoans- roundworms, arthopods
DEUTEROSTOMES:
echinodermata (sea stars)
chordata (vertebrates, tunicates)
26
sponges (porifera)
has- true epithelium (tightly joined cells that covers int and ext surfaces acting as a barrier), specialization of cell types, regulation of cell cycling and growth, adhesion, recognition of self and nonself (immunity, to avoid parasitic cells), gene regulation (hox genes), programmed cell death
don't- complex tissues
27
sponge first hypothesis
sponges are first animal, NS evolved only once
bc- first animal to appear to fossils (has spicules which are easy to preserve)
similar to chonoflagellates (both live at ocean bottom, sessile (dont move), same feeding cells and basic structure)
28
convergent evolution for jellyfish
had basic building blocks that would eventually become movement cells: similar to muscle cells (same building blocks but evolved differently) but not exactly
29
protostomes
mouth first from blastopore
importance= major source of food (seafood), provide ecosystem services (pollination), damages crops (pests), produce materials (silk), cause/transmit human diseases and are parasites (moquitoes), includes 2 most important model systems (fruit fly and roundworm)
30
lophotrochozans
has lophophore (suspension feeding tentacles),
trochophore larvae (cilia around mouth),
spiral cleavage (not symmetrical cell division, creating spiral shape)
31
flatworms (platyhelminthes)
acoelomate: no coelom
flatten unsegment bodies (allowing for higher SA to vol ratio to better absorb/distribute gas)
32
segmented worms (annelida)
coelomate: enclosed coelom surrounded with mesoderm tissue,
segmented body, has chaetae (bristles)
33
segmentation
divides body into similar structures, helps specialize (elaborate to do multiple things or do things better, small changes)
34
mollusks (snails, clams, squid)
anatomy-
radula: unique to mollusks, rough file scrapes off pieces of food
muscular foot: at base,
bivalves (clams, muscles)- dig
cephalopods (octopus, squid)- form tentacles
gastropods (snails)- movement
visceral mass: main internal organs
coelom: used for reprod and excretion
gill: at air interface, sticks out to breathe
mantle: secretes shell,
cephalopods- used for jet propulsion (cavity enclosed by mantle slowly fills with water then water quickly forced out through siphon) moving animal)
35
ecdysozans
molt: exoskeleton that sheds before they grow, hormone that tells body to molt
36
roundworms (nemadtoda)
pseudocoelomate: has coelom, not fully surrounded by mesodermal tissue
unsegmented worms
37
arthropodes
most abundant,
split into crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp), insects (tech part of ^), myriapods (centripedes, millipedes), chelicerata (sea spiders, mites, spiders)
38
arthropodes anatomy
tagmata: 3 or 2 main segments,
jointed appendages: allows for flexible limbs that's used for defense, mating, and feeding, changes via genetic mutation, most successful body plan,
exoskeleton: made of chitin, from cuticle,
segmentation per function
39
evolution of wing (in arthopods)
first animals to achieve flight, only evolved once (common ancestor had 4 wings) as extension of dorsal cuticle not limbs
40
metamorphosis (in arthopods)
incomplete (hemimetabolous): no larvae, egg -> nymph (looks like adult but young), incremental growth via molting
complete (holometabolous): has larvae, continuous growth
41
why is complete metamorphosis 10x more common than incomplete?
bc feeding efficiency: adults and young feed on different things so no competition for resources, and
advantages of functional specialization: leads to higher fitness
42
deuterstomes
mouth second, anus first
echinoderms, chordata (lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates), vertebrates (jawless fishes, jawed fishes, ray finned fishes, lobed finned fishes, lungfishes, tetrapods), tetrapods (amphibians, amniotes), amniotes (mammals, reptiles)
43
echinoderms
monophyletic, spiny skins, marine (ocean, ocean floor), bilaterians (larve is bilateral, dev into pental radial), endoskeleton (internal bone), water vascular system (attached to tube foot, allows it to open and grab)
44
lancelets (cephalochordata)
node- dorsal hollow nerve cord: runs through length of whole body
notochord: stiff support rod, runs length of body
muscular post anal tail
45
tunicates (urochordata)
closest relative to fish
46
jawless fishes- hagfishes (myxinoidea), lampreys (petromyzontoidea)
node= bones (aka cranium, vertebrae), paired sense organs, gills, three part brain
hagfishes- loss of vertebrae
47
jawed fishes- sharks (chondrichthyes)
node= jaws, paired appendages, bone, lungs
loss of bone, loss of lungs, cartilaginous skeleton, paired lateral fins
48
ray finned fishes (actinopterygii)
endoskeleton (bony, supports fins), lungs seen as swim bladder, scales
49
lobed finned fishes- coelacanths (acinistia), dipnoi (lungfishes)
lobed fins (fleshy, thicker), 4 lobed fins supported by endoskeleton
lungfishes- uses lungs to breathe air when O2 level drops
50
tetrapods
4 limbs, transition to living on land
51
amphibians
wet eggs, eat on land, metamorphosis
anura (frogs, toads)- tails in larvae, loses as adults
urodela (salamanders)- tails in larvae and adults
52
mammals
node- amniotic egg: lay outside water, has shell (protect), aminion (contains embryo), yolk (contains nutrients), allantois (contains waste)
lactation, fur, viviparity, placenta, sucking (cheeks), wide spread (during jurassic and after dino extinction aka blank state, less competition), endoderms, extensive parental care
53
reptilians
scales, ectoderms (doesn't metabolic energy themselves, so they follow environments temp closely)
54
lizards, snakes (lepidosauria)
elongate bodies, scaly watertight skin that shed as develop
55
turtles (testudinia)
protective shell made of bony plates, beak
56
alligators, crocodiles (crocodilia)
jaws with teeth, eyes on top of head, nostrils on top of snout, egg guarding (not very strong eggs, keeps eggs and young warm/moist)
57
birds (aves)
feathers, endotherm (generates metabolic en themselves), flight, egg guarding
58
monothemes (protherian)
egg laying
ex: platypus
59
marsupials (metatherian)
pouch bearing, give birth to extremely undeveloped offspring
ex: kangaroos, koalas
60
placentals (eutherian)
give birth to underdeveloped offspring (more mature than marsupials), have placenta
primates
61
primates
eyes in front of face, grasping hands, color vision, complex behavior, even more extensive parental care
62
prosimians
before monkeys, paraphyletic, relatively small, in trees
ex: lemurs
63
monkeys (new world, old world)
node= larger brain
64
gibbons
node= long arms, short legs, no tail
65
orangutan
node= fist walking
most comfy in trees
66
gorilla (western, eastern)
node= knuckle walking
spend more time on the ground
67
human
node= bipedalism, long legs
monophyletic
19 other species (extinct) + homosapiens (us):
ex: gracile australopithecines- thin skulls, all in africa
robust australopithecines- robust skull, thick bones, big cheek bones and teeth, all in africa
early homo- flatter face, larger braincase, smaller jaws and teeth, similar skull (smaller) to ours, mostly in africa
recent homo- flattest face, largest brain/case, spread out, originated 1.2 million yrs ago
68
out of africa hypothesis
we evolved distinct traits (makes us h sapians) in africa then dispersed across world (evolving independently of other homo species in eu/asia)
then when breeding, traits from the other species were additional variation
69
did humans evolve from chimps?
no, we're sister groups that share a common ancestor (neither chimp nor human)
70
was human evolution linear?
no, it was a tree to distinguish between direct lines (like dad) vs related lines (like uncle)
image issues ^ and used fossils
71
fungi
decomposers (heterotrophs)
importance: plant mutalism (plant give sugar to fungi
fungi give phoshporous and N from soil and protection from herbivores, animal mutalism (in guts, digest food, fungus gardens: harvest fungi to eat), digest lignin and cellulose (via extracellular digestion, breaks down and turns into glucose for fungi energy)
72
how are animals and fungi similar?
both have fungual DNA, synthesize chitin, flagella, store glucose as glycogen
73
chytrids and zygomycetes
polytomy (can't distinguish which one first)
chytrids- swimming gametes
zygomycetes- zygosporangia
74
glomeromycota
lives with plant roots as mycorrhizae
75
basidiomycota
basidia: club shaped cells forms 4 spores, mushrooms
76
ascomycota
asci: sac like cells forms 8 spores, yeast
77
2 growth forms
1. yeast (single celled)
2. mycelia (multicellular): made up of hypae, large SA (better absorb/exchange with environment), adaptative (grow/retract in areas of food/lack of), live in moist environment
78
hypae
branching networks of individual threads
has septa: dividing walls, has pores allowing materials to flow between
cenocytic hypae: without septa
79
fungi structure
reproductive structure- made up of dense hyphae
mycelium- made up of space hyphae (underground, takes in nutrients that exist in environment)
80
chytrid reproductive structure
start zygote (2n)
-mitosis→
sporophytic mycelium (2n)
→ in sporangia form spores
-meiosis→
spore (n)
-mitosis→
grow into gametophytic mycelium (n)
-mitosis→
in gametangia gametes form
-fusion→
81
zygomycetes reproductive structure
zygote (2n)
-meiosis→
sexual sporangium produce spores (n)
-mitosis→
eat bread to grow into asexual sporangium (can produce spore in asexual cycle)
→ in sporangium hyphae connect/fuse to each other (diff hypae of mating types)
-plasmogamy (cytoplasms fuse)→
fuse to form zygosporangia (n + n)
-karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)→
zygote (2n)
82
basidomycota reproduction
2 diff hypae fuse (n)
-plasmogamy→
dikaryotic mycelium (n + n)
→ dev into mushroom aka mature spore producing body (n + n)
→ under caps dev basidia
-karyogamy→
zygote (2n)
-meiosis→
spores (n) disperse
-mitosis→
hypae
83
ascomycota reproduction
same as basidomycota, except using yeast and asci
84
mycorrhizal fungi
live in association with plant roots, forms extensive networks in soil, increases plant growth
85
EMF (ectomycorrihzal fungi)
hyphae extend inwards between cells
then outwards into soil
then form a dense continuous sheath around root,
less invasive
86
AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
hypae extend outward into soil
then inward pentrating cell wall and contacting plasma membrane,
more invasive
87
endophytes
organisms that live between and within plant cells, in association with roots/tissues, if excess nutrients can become parasitic- still getting sugar from plant but plant not getting anything in return
88
saprophytic fungi
break down dead plants
89
extracellular digestion
takes place outside organism, uses enzymes to break complex compounds into simple to digest
90
carbon cycle
co2 in air available to turn into sugar through photosynthesis
-stored as carbon in plant bodies
-by saprophytic fungi, it's digested into lignin and cellulose turning it into carbon containing nutrients
-carbon sent back into carbon cycle
carbon released during cellular respiration
