Midterm 2 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Workers take ____ days to complete larval development.
A
21
2
Q
Basic bumble bee life history cycle.
A
Fertilized queens overwinter as adults. In spring, find a nest (mouse burrow) and start new colony. Queen stops foraging when first brood develops. Early in season, workers are produced. Late in season new queens and males are produced.
3
Q
What bee is used to pollinate alfalfa in the PNW?
A
Alkali bee.
4
Q
The reproductive phase of the Varroa life cycle.
A
Female mites enter brood cells that are about to be capped and starts to lay eggs.
5
Q
What type of Nosema is considered more dangerous?
A
Nosema cerana, native to A. cerana.
6
Q
Characteristics of German HBs.
A
Very dark, almost black, very aggressive.
7
Q
Why is Varroa so much more detrimental to A. mellifera?
A
Can reproduce in both worker and drone cells.
8
Q
Why are HBs not used in greenhouses?
A
Bumble bees are more efficient pollinators (less can do more), HBs decline in greenhouses.
9
Q
What thermoregulatory adaptation is unique to A. cerana?
A
Ability to use thermoregulatory technique to kill giant wasps.
10
Q
Current range of Africanized bees in the US.
A
Texas, the SW, and S Florida.
11
Q
What biologist brought African bees to Brazil?
A
Warwick Kerr.
12
Q
Characteristics of Caucasian HBs.
A
Collects more propolis, more resistant to Varroa, southern Russia.
13
Q
Characteristics of US HBs.
A
Mixture of several EU populations, highly genetically variable, not inbred.
14
Q
Alkali bees are used to pollinate ______.
A
Alfalfa in the PNW.
15
Q
How are alkali bees managed?
A
Ground-nesters with specific soil/moisture requirements. Farmers must make and maintain suitable nesting location near fields.
16
Q
What type of Nosema is native to Western HBs.
A
Nosema apis.
17
Q
Which government attempted to breed African bees with European bees?
A
Brazil
18
Q
The major families of bees most important for commercial pollination.
A
Halictidae, Megachilidae, and Apidae.
19
Q
The ovary contains _____.
A
Ovules.
20
Q
What bumble bee is most commonly used in commercial pollination in greenhouses?
A
Bombus impatiens
21
Q
The leaf-like structure underneath the petals.
A
Sepals
22
Q
Which species of HBs are not used in agriculture?
A
A. florea, dorsata.
23
Q
What types of native bees are more susceptible to decline than others?
A
Bumble bees
24
Q
What is a major reason that farmers try to eliminate all the weeds in orchards>
A
Many weeds are more attractive to bees than are the crops.
25
Characteristics of chalkbrood.
Feeds on larvae, which become chalk mummies that bees pull out of comb and throw away. Piling up on floor of nest. Affects mainly small colonies unable to thermoregulate.
26
Native range of A. dorsata.
Most of Asia.
27
Differences of Africanized bees compared to European bees.
More aggressive, swarm more often, more likely to abscond, make less honey.
28
Special adaptations of drones.
Large thorax and eyes, large flight muscles.
29
Are Alkali bees suitable for managed pollination outside of native range?
No, their nesting requirements are too specific to their native habitats.
30
The carpel is comprised of ______.
Stigma, style, ovary.
31
Tracheal mites are native to ______.
Western HBs.
32
Bumble bees are often used to pollinate what kinds of crops?
Greenhouse crops.
33
What type of foulbrood is most dangerous?
American foulbrood.
34
The female organ of a perfect flower.
Carpel
35
Which species of HBs are used in agriculture?
A. cerana, mellifera.
36
Why is the HB the managed pollinator of choice?
Large colony size, easily transported, managed, manipulated.
37
Apis mellifera mellifera.
German bees.
38
The native western honey bee prior to Bombus impatiens introduction.
Bombus occidentalis
39
Common crops that require bee pollination.
Apples, pears, cherries, almonds, peach, apricot, plums, strawberries, raspberries, cucurbits, etc.
40
Life cycle of tracheal mites.
Mated female exits interior of adult bee and sits on hair next to spiracle. Transfers to young bee during movement around the hive. Moves into trachea and lays eggs. Eggs develop in males and females which complete development in the trachea. Females mate and leave.
41
The phoretic phase of the Varroa life cycle.
Mites live on the bodies of adult bees; vulnerable to grooming.
42
Treatment protocol for Varroa.
Constant monitoring. When levels exceed threshold, treatment necessary. Many chemicals currently being used.
43
How are agricultural ecosystems hostile to wild bees?
Low plant diversity (monocultures, no year round forage, no nesting sites), heavily manipulated soils (nesting sites), heavy pesticide use (kill beneficials).
44
The European population most commonly kept by beekeepers.
Italian (linguistica)
45
Differences between American and European foulbrood.
European much less dangerous. Scales come out easily and are not laden with spores. Dead larvae do not become gooey/ropey.
46
How does A. florea protect itself from weaver ants?
Defensive sticky bands; bees deposit sticky resinous substance in a band around the branch.
47
Why are Varroa not a significant threat to A. cerana?
Worker development time is too short to reproduce in worker cells. Can only reproduce in drone cells.
48
Treatment of American foulbrood.
Antibiotics
49
What diseases originates in A. cerana?
Varroa and Nosema.
50
The base of the carpel.
Ovary
51
What HBs are kept in China?
cerana and mellifera
52
Self-infertile plants
Self-incompatible, requiring pollen to move from one plant to another.
53
The giant HB.
A. dorsata
54
What proportion of our food directly or indirectly comes from honey bee pollinated crops?
~1/3
55
Major differences between African and European HBs.
African: existing queen stays after swarm, produce many afterswarms, migratory.
56
(T/F) German bees are economically important.
False, too aggressive, rarely kept by beekeepers.
57
The stamen is comprised of _____.
Anther and filament
58
What crop demands nearly all of commercial bumble bee pollination?
Greenhouse tomatoes.
59
The phase of the Varroa life cycle in which they live on the bodies of adult bees and are vulnerable to grooming.
Phoretic
60
What is unique about the waggle dances of A. florea and dorsata?
Dance directly towards food source; not in the dark, so no need to translate an angle from vertical relative to the sun.
61
Characteristics of American foulbrood.
Infects larvae, causing them to become gooey mess. Spotty brood pattern. Larvae the die eventually become hardened scales, laden with spores.
62
Nosema is caused by a ______ parasitic fungus.
Microsporidian
63
Dioecious
Plants with separate male and female plants.
64
Were attempts to breed African and European bees successful? Why?
No, they escaped and became hugely successful invasive species.
65
The structure that houses pollen.
Anther
66
The types of solitary bees (in terms of nesting)
Ground-nesting and tube-nesting
67
(T/F) Honey bees are in decline.
True and false; some countries increasing, others decreasing. Largely driven by economics of beekeeping.
68
The African subspecies of honey bee that makes hundred of queens when swarming.
Lamarkii (Egyptian)
69
Characteristics of A. mellifera.
Geographically widespread, many locally adapted subspecies, very complex societies.
70
What African subspecies are Africanized bees descended from?
scutellata (E African savannah and scrub bee)
71
Treatment of European foulbrood
Antibiotics.
72
Distinct European populations of honey bees.
German, Italian (linguistica), Carniolan, Caucasion
73
What was the likely cause that wiped out Bombus occidentalis?
Nosema bombi
74
Imperfect flowers.
Flowers that contain only male or only female organs.
75
American foulbrood diagnosis.
Dip stick into capped larval cell, gooey consistency. Spotty brood patterns, presence of scales.
76
Self-fertile plants.
Self-compatible, only need to move pollen from anther to stamen on same plant.
77
How have commercial pollination operations affected native pollinators?
Some have declined, perhaps due to pathogens released from commercial operations (Bombus occidentalis).
78
Why can't monocultural crops be pollinated by native pollinator populations?
Monocultures increase demands beyond natural capacities; natural plant communities are diverse, with relatively low demand for pollinators. Monocultures create enormous unnatural demands for pollinators.
79
Characteristics of A. cerana.
Smaller individuals and colony sizes than mellifera, similar in most other ways.
80
The unique trait of Lamarkii (Egyptian) honey bees.
Hundred of queens before swarming.
81
The base of a flower.
Receptacle.
82
The Western HB
A. mellifera
83
Plants that require animal pollination are all _______.
Angiosperms.
84
The Asian HB
A. cerana
85
Queens take ____ days to complete larval development.
16
86
The male organ of a perfect flower.
Stamen
87
What was the first subspecies of bees brought to the US?
German (mellifera)
88
What countries have taken over global production of honey?
China and Argentina
89
The tip of the carpel.
Stigma
90
Perfect flowers.
Flowers that contain both male and female organs.
91
How do the African subspecies Lamarkii (Egyptian) manage the hundreds of queens produced before swarming?
All coexist until one comes back mated, then most others are killed off.
92
Characteristics of Nosema, generally.
A gut disease caused by a microsporidian fungal parasite.
93
Characteristics of A. florea.
Dwarf HB, single comb on branch.
94
Major bee viruses.
Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)
95
Characteristics of A. dorsata.
Giant HB, single comb under tree branch, often nests in large clusters in a single tree, very defensive, painful sting.
96
What makes HBs a poor fit for alfalfa pollination?
Alfalfa has unique "tripping" mechanism that bops them on their head to ensure pollination. HBs don't like this.
97
Why are European HBs poorly adapted to the tropics?
Colonies too big, store too much honey, too stationary.
98
The dwarf HB.
A. florea
99
Characteristics of tracheal mites.
Live in trachea of bees, suck hemolymph for food.
100
What proportion of flowers in adjacent fields need to be in bloom to ensure that leaf cutter bees will not disperse?
At least 5%, 10% preferable.
101
Drones take _____ day to complete larval development.
24
102
Common sites of bumble bee nests.
Rodent burrows, tall grass, bird nests.
103
(T/F) Africanized bees are more susceptible to diseases including Varroa.
False, more resistant
104
Symptoms of Nosema apis.
Dysentery; not thought to be dangerous.
105
Chalkbrood is a ____ disease.
Fungal
106
Varroa mites are native to _____.
A. cerana
107
What crop is entirely dependent upon bumble bees?
Tomatoes
108
Monecious
Plants with both male and female flowers on same plant.
109
Characteristics of Blue Mason Bee
Megachilid, for fruit tree pollination, not widely used, separates nest cells with mud
110
The basic solitary bee life history.
Adult females emerge/overwinter than mate and begin reproductive life. Cell is constructed out of leaves/wood/soil. Nectar and pollen are collected to make a provision ball. Egg is laid on the ball. Cell is sealed. Repeat.
111
Why can't the African subspecies capensis be kept near other mellifera colonies?
Will invade colonies and take over.
112
What defensive behavior is unique to A. dorsata?
Warning off predators with wave-like displays across comb.
113
Diagnosis of Nosema.
Only visible by microscope; crush bees, spores visible by compounds microscope.
114
Foulbrood is a _____ disease.
Bacterial
115
The unique traits of Monticola (mountain top bees).
More gentle, larger, darker.
116
The four species of HBs.
A. florea, dorsata, cerana, mellifera
117
Control of Nosema.
Nosema apis has chemical controls, but they do not seem to work on Nosema cerana.
118
How are HB colonies managed to improve pollination services?
Large colonies have higher ratio of foragers and more naive foragers (which do not go far from the hive). Colonies are fed to make colonies larger earlier in the season. Also increase ratio of pollen foragers by using pollen traps (stresses colony).
119
Nosema is a _____ disease.
Fungal
120
The two phases of the Varroa life cycle.
Phoretic and reproductive
121
What is the major difference in beekeeping in Australia compared to the US?
No Varroa
122
Almost all managed pollinators are ______ foragers.
Generalist
123
Characteristics of Italian (linguistica) HBs.
Yellow, gentler, uses little propolis (easier to manage hives)
124
The unique traits of Capensis, the cape bee of S Africa.
Can breed parthenogenetically (workers can clone themselves).
125
Treatments for tracheal mites.
Menthol crystal (fumigant), grease patties, miticides/chemicals.
126
The native range of A. florea.
SE Asia, major close islands.
127
Characteristics of Carniolan HBs.
Similar to Italian, from Adriatic region
128
The middle of the carpel
Style
129
The structure that holds the anther.
Filament
130
Common methods for monitoring Varroa levels.
Sticky boards, ether roles.
131
How are tracheal mite infestations identified?
Can only be seen under microscope; trachea is removed and examined.
132
Native range of A. mellifera.
Mostly Africa, middle east, EU.
133
The subspecies of African honey bees that are more gentler, larger, and darker.
Monticola (mountain top bees)
134
The subspecies of African honey bees that can breed parthenogenetically (workers can clone themselves)
Capensis (cape bee of S Africa)
135
(T/F) Africanized bees are not important economically.
False, they are now used in Brazil and are more successful than European bees ever were.
136
What type of solitary bees are most commonly used as managed pollinators? Why?
Tube-nesters, easier to manufacture nests in large numbers and deploy them near fields.
137
How to use Leaf Cutter Bees.
Usually come as free cells, can be bought pre-hatched. Set up enclosure near or within crop fields. Put bees into enclosure, as either live bees or closed cells. They hatch and begin their lives, many choose to live in the predrilled holes if food is available nearby.
