Midterm 1

Question 1

Basics of Apidae.

Answer 1

Very large and diverse group; either hairy legs for pollen transport or pollen baskets.

Question 2

What bees are used for commercial pollination in greenhouses?

Answer 2

Bumble bees.

Question 3

How bees have evolved to be the major insect pollinators.

Answer 3

Hairy bodies adapted to moving pollen, specialists on using pollen as a protein source.

Question 4

The Hymenoptera with singers.

Answer 4

Aculeates.

Question 5

Cues

Answer 5

Info passively left in the environment.

Question 6

Examples of social bees

Answer 6

Halictids, Allodapine bees, bumble bees, honey bees, stingless bees.

Question 7

Stop signal

Answer 7

High pitched piping sounds while head butting another bee; stops recruitment to a site.

Question 8

Most defense is done by _____.

Answer 8

Foragers

Question 9

The two categories of honey bee signals.

Answer 9

Chemical (pheromones) and mechanical.

Question 10

How Orchid bee males attract mates.

Answer 10

Collect odors from flowers; females prefer most complex odor blends.

Question 11

Signals

Answer 11

Info intentionally sent by one animal to another.

Question 12

Classes of social insect pheromones

Answer 12

Alarm, aggregation, foraging, sexual, reproductive, colony membership, aggression.

Question 13

Forms of social behavior.

Answer 13

Aggregation, parental care, cooperative breeding/incipient eusociality.

Question 14

Advanced eusocial

Answer 14

Factory based societies; workers and queens are physically different and there are sometimes physical castes in workers; strong division of labor based on age with physiological specialization.

Question 15

What bees are the receivers of the waggle dance signals?

Answer 15

Only the bee directly behind the waggler.

Question 16

The major social lineages.

Answer 16

Social wasps, social bees, ants, and termites

Question 17

Roles of middle aged bees.

Answer 17

Process food, build nest, and guard.

Sterilize hive with propolis

Question 18

Bees radiated along with ______.

Answer 18

Flowering plants.

Question 19

Basics of Halictidae

Answer 19

Sweat bees; very common, often small and metallic; highly diverse, solitary ground nesters, parasites, primitively social.

Question 20

Commonly utilized Megachilidae bees.

Answer 20

Alfalfa leaf cutter, blue orchard bee,

Question 21

Roles of nurses

Answer 21

Feed queen and young; produce brood food (protein source for all bees)

Question 22

Simple sociality

Answer 22

Individuals are capable of being solitary, but choose to play a role within a group.

Dominant vs. subordinate; can quickly change

Question 23

Basics of Megachilidae

Answer 23

Mason or leafcutter bees; large group of robust bees; build cells out of leaves or soil, provisioning each with pollen; inefficient pollen collectors, good pollinators.

Question 24

Examples of social wasps

Answer 24

Paper wasps, swarm founding wasps

Question 25

Commercial Halictids.

Answer 25

Alkali bee; used for pollination of alfalfa mainly in PNW. Can build up huge permanent populations that provide all pollination services, but takes time to build up, can be wiped out by diseases/pests, and needs particular soil type and ecological habitat.

Question 26

Info intentionally sent by one animal to another.

Answer 26

Signals

Question 27

Primer pheromones

Answer 27

Cause slow developmental changes in recipients

Question 28

Aggregation vs true social behavior

Answer 28

Living in dense concentrations due to distribution of resources vs. living in groups for behavioral reasons.

Question 29

Bee vision relative to humans.

Answer 29

Cannot see red, but do see UV.

Question 30

Nectar robbing.

Answer 30

Chewing into base of flower to get nectar without pollinating.

Question 31

Eusociality

Answer 31

True social behavior; involves overlap of generations, cooperative brood care, and division of labor.

Question 32

How bees judge distance.

Answer 32

Optical flow

Question 33

Info passively left in the environment.

Answer 33

Cues

Question 34

The most common method for determining the meaning of a signal.

Answer 34

Determine the context and response of the receiver.

Question 35

Primitively eusocial

Answer 35

Team based societies; Weak specialization among workers for roles as queens and workers; physiological differences but no physical castes.

Question 36

Examples of honey bee mechanical signals.

Answer 36

Dances, other shaking, buzzing, vibrating type signals.

Question 37

Examples of honey bee chemical signals.

Answer 37

Fertility, alarm, flower visitation, colony membership, mate attraction.

Question 38

(T/F) Signals can have only a single meaning.

Answer 38

False; often the same signal meaning different things to different castes.

Question 39

The 4 age castes of honey bees.

Answer 39

Newly emerged, nurses, middle age, and foragers.

Question 40

Pros and cons of Alfalfa leafcutters.

Answer 40

Can be purchased in large numbers, reliable pollinators. Many pests and diseases; chalkbrood.

Question 41

How the waggle dance conveys the location/quality of a food source.

Answer 41

The run indicates distance, the angle relative to vertical indicates the angle relative to the sun, more dances = better food source.

Question 43

Roles of newly emerged bees.

Answer 43

Clean cells, continue to develop

Question 44

The stinger is a modified ______.

Answer 44

Ovipositor

Question 45

The two kinds of signals produced by foragers.

Answer 45

Info about food sources, coordination of activities.

Question 46

The waggle dance is sent via ____.

Answer 46

Sounds, motion, smell, and substrate vibrations.

Question 47

Releaser pheromones

Answer 47

Cause rapid behavior responses.

Question 48

Shaking signals

Answer 48

Grabs another bee and shakes it; start/end of workday.

Question 49

Aculeates.

Answer 49

The Hymenoptera with singers.

Question 50

The two methods used by von Frisch to determine the meaning of the waggle dance.

Answer 50

Trained bees to feeders, marked bees at feeder, observed dances as bees returned. (1) Distance experimental design; runs longer as distance greater. (2) Direction experiment design; as direction changes, so does angle of run; angle changes throughout the day (tracks the sun).

Question 51

How signals evolve.

Answer 51

Cues that have been shaped by natural selection to contain more information (or more precise information). Often leads to increased sensitivity in the receiver as well.

Question 52

Tremble dance

Answer 52

Like waggle, but no figure 8; increases number of bees processing nectar.

Question 53

Differences between carpenter and bumble bees.

Answer 53

Bumble bees social, nest in burrows, pollen basket, hairy all over. Carpenters usually solitary, nest in wood, scopae (hairs for pollen), no hair on abdomen.