Midterm 2 Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
What is “consumption”?
A
The way we purchase and use goods and services
2
Q
What is Marx’s “means of productions”?
A
The main social needs needed for producing wealth
3
Q
What is the “means of consumption”?
A
The main social means by which people consume what is produced
4
Q
What is “production-based societies”?
A
A society where people are defined by their work, specifically in providing products/services
5
Q
What is a “consumption-based society”?
A
A society where people are defiend by their purchasing practices and how they spend their free time
6
Q
What is “identity formation”?
A
The process by which an individual develops their unique self, only after acquiring self-ascribed labels (ex. musician, college professor)
7
Q
What are the four main points of Thornstein Veblen’s consumption theory?
A
- Consumption helps the economy (encourages businesses, creates jobs etc.)
- “conspicuous consumption” are used to “fit in”
- Material objects are used as “status symbols”
- Pecuniary emulation is engaged in.
8
Q
What is “conspicuous consumption”?
A
The consumption of goods primarily for the effect of demonstrating wealth and status.
9
Q
What are “status symbols”?
A
Items that show off a person’s wealth and social standing.
10
Q
What is “pecuniary emulation”?
A
Copying the expensive spending habits of the wealthy, regardless if one can afford it or not. (keeping up with the Joneses)
11
Q
What are two reasons why one might engage in conspicuous consumption?
A
- To show off status and wealth
2. To fit in with the “crowd”
12
Q
What are several problems with practicing conspicuous consumerism?
A
- Increases personal debt
- Consumption is used as control
- Consumption viewed as a method of fulfillment and happiness
- Consumption displays inequality
- Encourages waste and superficial values
- An economy that relies on conspicuous consumerism is not stable (companies first to go down in bad economic times)
13
Q
What is Pierre Bourdieu’s take on consumption?
A
- How we present our “tastes” and how we consume reflect our cultural capital and our status.
- Taste and things consumed are class specific
- Social capital (networking, important people you know)
14
Q
What is Jean Baudrillard’s theory of consumption?
A
Objects have four different types of values:
- Use value (what it is made for)
- Exchange value (monetary cost/selling cost)
- Symbolic value (the sentimental importance)
- Sign value (what it says about the owner)
15
Q
What is “simulcra”?
A
Superficial representations of life/stereotypes that are reproduced as like material goods and commodities. (ex. Disney princesses)
16
Q
What is “hyperreal”?
A
Mediated representations of real life that people view as more real than to reality.
17
Q
What is Jean Baudrillard’s notion of simulcra and hyperreal?
A
By consuming simulcra, we consume the hyperreal.
Advertisement also promotes consumption by making hyperreal worlds that consumers want to be a part of.
18
Q
What is “affluence”?
A
A large disposable income.
19
Q
What is “disposable income”?
A
Money left over after you pay for living expenses and necessities and tax.
20
Q
What does the “affluence hypothesis” state?
A
The belief that in times of economic prosperity, people will take greater interest in social issues and will result in purchasing decisions that are more socially responsible.
21
Q
What are some problems with the affluence hypothesis?
A
- Difficult to determine if the majority of the citizens are affluent
- Affluence can be determined by the highly visible and influential minority (ex. movie stars)
- The affluence may hide a load of debt
22
Q
What are “cathedrals of consumption”?
A
Huge constructions primarily built for people to practice consumption (ex. shopping malls)
23
Q
What is “debt-to-income ratio”?
A
Measure of total household debt to the total household income after tax. (expressed as %)
24
Q
What is the ideal debt-to-income ratio?
A
Less than 100%
25
What is the "embourgeoisement thesis"?
The theory when the working class adopt the consumption patterns and tastes of the bourgeois middle class (or middle of high) and adopt the middle class societal goals. (Poor imitate rich)
26
What does "embourgeoisement" result in?
1. loss of "class conciousness"
| 2. "false conciousness"
27
Who was a main sociologist of the embourgeoisement thesis?
Ferdynand Zweig
28
What is "class conciousness"?
The understanding of what is in the best interests of their class
29
What is "false conciousness"?
Identification with the societal goals and socio-political interpretations with the wrong class.
30
What is the "consumption as communication thesis"?
The assertion that acts of consumption have socially significant symbolic meanigs.
31
In considering the consumption as communication thesis, what two things should we avoid?
1. Class reductionism
| 2. Consumption reductionism.
32
What is "class reductionism"?
The intellectual fallacy that the conditions and oppression of society are due to class alone, without any consideration of other factors such as age, gender, race etc.
33
What is "consumption reductionism"?
The practice of reducing people to the sudy of only their consumptive patterns without the consideration of other factors such as class, race, gender, etc.
34
What social factors affect consumption?
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Nationality
35
What is "social location"?
The important aspects of an individual (class, age, gender, sexual orientation, degee of ability) that inform the individual's perspective and shape experiences.
36
What eventually replaed the Protestant work ethic?
The ethic of consumption
37
What is the "ethic of consumption"?
A set of moral principles that encourage/celebrate consumption/spending without moderation.
38
What other shift accompanied the shift from Protestant work ethic to ethic of consumption?
Shift from elite consumption to mass consumption.
39
What is "elite consumption"?
Only people who at $$ to spend were able to consume. Consumption exclusively for the elite and the rich. (Found in a production-based society)
40
What is "mass consumption"?
Everyone has the ability to consume. (Found in Consumption based societies)
41
What is "leisure"?
Free time (usually only availabe to the rich) to puruse things and spend.
42
What is "original affluent society"?
Hunter-gatherer societies that are not engaged in industrial or farming manufacturing, and whose few material needs can be met without many hours of labour.
43
What is "hunter-gatherer cultures"?
A culture that depends on fishing, hunting and harvesting typically while moving place to place.
44
Who coined the term "original affluent society"?
Marshall Sahlins
45
What is "branding"?
Ways companies market and promote products to the public.
46
What are some methods of "branding"?
1. Advertising is the main instrument of branding
2. Link the products with emotion (ex. buying this will make you happy)
3. Link products with consumer identity (ex. if you buy this you are part of the "group")
47
What are "packaged rebels"?
A person who tries to establish themselves as part of a counter-culture through the consumer products and is devoid of any MEANING.
48
What are "brand bullies"?
Companies that excessively and aggressively market their products (especially to young audiences who want to fit in).
49
Who coined the term "brand bullies"?
Naomi Klein
50
What are Goffman's "props"?
Material goods that reveal things about us.
51
What are "manufactured needs"?
Wants that transform to the level of needs.
52
What is "technological fetishism"?
Making recently developed technological innovations the objects of uncritical adoration.
53
What 2 methods does technological fetishism use?
1. Planned obsolescence
| 2. Perceived obsolescence
54
What is "planned obsolescence"?
Making products so that they do not last.
55
What is "perceived obsolescence"?
Enticing the consumer to replace a product (ex. through the release of new models)
56
What is "ethical consumption"?
The practice of either boycotting a product or service, or choosing to buy a product based on one's values and ethics. (These are informed consumer CHOICES)
57
What are 3 things ethical considerations might include?
1. Treatment of workers
2. Treatment of minorities affected by production
3. Environmental cost of the product
58
What is "fair trade"?
Movement to support workers/entrepreneurs in developing countries by supporting fair wages and good working conditions.
59
What does it mean to "boycott"?
Refraining from buying/engaging in a service due to ethical reasons.
60
What are the two meanings of "consumerism"?
1. The societal promotion of the needs to buy goods and services in greater quantities
2. Consumer activism
61
What is "consumer activism"?
Practices aimed at protecting rights of the consumers.
62
What are some examples of consumer rights/activism?
1. Honesty in advertising
2. Truthful ingredients list
3. Product guarantees and recalls
4. Production from steady business practices.
63
What is "deviance"?
A behaviour that STRAYS from a socially defined norm.
64
Are all deviant acts criminal?
No, because deviant acts may not always be wrong/illegal, simply different.
65
What are "overt characteristics" of deviance?
Actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the cultural norm. (ex. clothing and hairstyle)
66
What are "covert characteristics" of deviance?
The unstated qualities that may make a particular group a target for sanctions. May include age, ethnic background and sex.
67
Does deviance change over time?
Yes, Deviance changes as the norm changes.
68
Who developed the "strain theory"?
Robert Merton
69
What is the "strain theory"?
The theory that individuals are drawn to crime/deviance because of the frustration they feel by their-real life circumstances from attaining society's culturally defined grade.
70
What are three major points of the "strain theory"?
1. Individuals choose a deviant lifestyle
2. People choose a deviant lifestyle because there is a strain/disconnect between goals and means.
3. Deviance is functional in our society.
71
According to Merton's "strain theory", what are four responses to the strain/disconnect between goals and means?
1. Innovation (get creative and think of methods to goal)
2. Ritualism (Believe in goal and work tirelessly to achieve it acceptably, even though it is near impossible)
3. Retreatism (reject commonly accepted goals)
4. Revolution (impose and suggest fundamentally different goals)
72
Who created the "subcultural theory"?
Albert Cohen
73
What is the "subcultural theory"?
The theory that youths are drawn to crime because they have failed to succeed in middle-class institutions, and as a result become socialized within a delinquent subculture whose norms/values are inverted.
74
What are the four major points of the subcultural theory?
1. Deviance is a learned behaviour
2. Deviance arises from status frustration (cannot get recognition in society)
3. Socialization into delinquent subculture offers a different way to get status and recognition
4. Subcultures have inverted norms: what may be desirable is deviance in mainstream culture.
75
Cohen believes that deviant crimes are sometimes "non-utilitarian". What does that mean?
Crimes are not committed for one's survival. Rather it could be to achieve status in a delinquent culture.
76
What is a "delinquent subculture"?
Subordinate culture of teenage gangs
77
What is "status frustration"?
A feeling of failure to succeed in middle-class terms or institutions.
78
Who created the "labelling theory"?
Howard Becker
79
What is the "labelling theory"?
A theory that individuals/groups outside mainstream society internalize labels given to them by mainstream.
80
What are two major points of the labelling theory?
1. Definition matter, and how other's respond to actions (How people define something as good or bad and how people react to actions fuel the continuation or stop of the action.)
2. Internalization of labels (labelling things as deviant can be internalized into one's identity)
81
What is "conflict deviance"?
When deviance is contested in any given area.
82
What is "social constructionism"?
The notion that elements of social life (deviance, race, gender) are artificial and created by society.
83
What is "essentialism"?
The belief that something is "true", "natural" and "universal".
84
What is "crime"?
Violation of criminal laws that are enacted by a form of government.
85
What are the two approaches to deviance?
1. Essentialist approach
| 2. Social constructionist approach.
86
What is stigma?
A human attribute that is used to discredit an individual's social identity.
87
What are Goffman's three types of stigma?
1. Bodily (physical difference / physical deformity)
2. Moral (weak, unnatural, moral deformity)
3. Tribal (transmitted through group association)
88
What is "the other"?
An image constructed by the dominant culture to characterize subcultures or by a colonizing nation to describe the colonized.
89
What is "racializing deviance"?
Making the ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance as though all people of an ethnic group are involved in the same deviant behaviour.
90
What is one method through which deviance is racialized?
Racial profiling
91
What is "racial profiling"?
Actions undertaken supposedly for safety/security based on racial stereotypes and not reasonable suspicion.
92
What is a "moral entrepreneur"?
A person who recognizes a social problem and takes actions in order to fix it.
93
What two things arise from gender and deviance?
1. Misogyny
| 2. Patriarchal construct
94
What is "misogyny"?
Hating women, showing contempt for women.
95
What is "patriarchal construct"?
Social conditions that are though to be or are structured in a way that favour men over women.
96
Can poverty be a covert characteristic of deviance?
Yes, poverty can be considered deviant compared to wealth.
97
In the context of crime, what is "social resources"?
Knowledge of the law and legal system, ability to get a good lawyer etc.
98
What is Goffman's concept of "impression management"?
The way people present themselves publicly in specific roles and social circumstances.
99
What are some reasons why crime is over-represented in the lower class?
1. Lower class covers a large range of individuals, and it is only a small subgroup that are responsible for a high percentage of crime.
2. Lower class lack social resources, therefore more likely to get charged.
3. Lack impression management, thus lower class are easily convicted.
100
What is "crime"?
Violation of criminal laws enacted by the government.
101
What two things is crime distinguished by?
1. Act
| 2. Intent
102
What are the three types of crime, and give examples?
1. Crimes against a person (ex. assault)
2. Crimes against property (ex. vandalism)
3. Victimless Crimes (ex. Bootlegging, smoking pot)
103
Who introduced the term "white collar crimes"?
Edwin Sutherland
104
What is a "white collar crime"?
A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation
105
What is "pilfering"
Stealing from supply rooms at work.
106
What are "occupational crimes"?
Crimes created by individuals in the course of occupations/offenses of employers against employees.
107
What are examples of occupational crimes?
1. Sexual harassment
2. Embezzlement
3. Pilfering
108
What are "corporate crimes"?
Offenses created by corporate officials for their corporation and the offenses of the corporation itself
109
What are examples of corporate crimes?
1. Industrial accidents
2. Pollution
3. Price-fixing
110
What is considered deviant in terms of sexuality?
Homosexuality.
111
What is the "ideology of the fag"?
A way of influencing people (esp. males) to behave according to gender role expectations. (don't be so gay)
112
What does "heteronormative" mean?
Heterosexuality is considered the norm.
113
What does society punish deviance?
With negative sanctions
114
How does society punish deviance in disability?
Society assumes ableism, and do not physically accommodate the deviant disabled.
115
What I "ablism"?
Being organized based on the assumption that people do not have disabilities.
116
What is "social inequality"?
The long term existence of a significant difference in access to goods and services among social groups.
117
Max described class as being "relational" What does that mean?
In that it reflects a relationship to the means of production.
118
What is "capital"?
The funds/properties needed to start large-scale manufacturing and trading.
119
In pre-industrial Europe, what were the two classes?
1. aristocrats (owners)
| 2. peasants (workers)
120
What did Marx call the two classes in industrial-era Europe?
1. Capitalists/Bourgeoisie (owners)
| 2. Proletariat (workers)
121
What are sub-classes Marx identified in industrial-era Europe?
1. petty bourgeoisie
| 2. lumpenproletariat
122
Who are the "petty bourgeoisie"?
Small time owners with little capital
123
Who are the "lumpenproletariat"?
Small-time criminals, beggars and the unemployed.
124
Marx believed that a class had a corporate/organic identity. What is a "corporate/organic identity"?
The shared sense of common membership and common purpose that a social group can have.
125
What as the "HIghland Clearances"?
The eviction of farmers by land-owning aristocrats in the late 1800's and early 1900's in Scotland in order to make room for sheep, after realizing the increasing value of wool.
126
What did Weber agree with Marx on in terms of class?
Society is divided into different economic classes.
127
What was Weber's critique on Marx's ideas?
1. Marx's materialism is too simplistic (more to social inequality than just who owned production)
2. There is an important complex interplay between WEALTH, POWER and PRESTIGE that determines social class.
128
Who is the "dominant capitalist class"?
Those who own/control large-scale production.
129
Who is the "middle class"?
Mixed category of small-scale business people, educated professionals, wage earners with certifiable credentials etc.
130
Who is the "working class"?
People who lack resources of capacities apart from their own labour power.
131
What is "mobility sports"?
The chance sports offers people of poorer socio-economic backgrounds to reap large financial rewards as professional athletes.
132
What is "professionalization"?
The process of turning work done by volunteers into paid work.
133
What is an "ideology"?
Relatively coherent set of interrelated beliefs about society and the people in it.
134
What are the three types of ideologies?
1. Dominant
2. Counter
3. Liberal
135
What is a dominant ideology? What is an example?
A set of beliefs put forward and supported by the dominant culture and/or classes in society. (ex. Trickle-down theory)
136
What is a counter ideology? What is an example?
Offers a critique and a challenge of the justice and applicability of the dominant ideology (ex. Occupy, Idle no more: Aboriginals stood up for themselves)
137
What is a liberal ideology? What is an example?
A dominant ideology that views the individual as more or less independent player on a sociological scene. Reflects a belief in social mobility. (ex. the American Dream)
138
Who created the term "hegemony"?
Antonio Gramsci
139
What is "hegemony"?
Non-coercive methods of maintaining power used by the dominant class (ex. media or educational system)
140
How is hegemony achieved?
1. Through measures like the media, the education system
| 2. Through indoctrination, where one is persuaded to buy into an ideology that does not reflect one's interest.
141
What is the "digital divide" between the rich and the poor?
A situation where the richer citizens/countries access to computers and technology gives them an enormous social, economic and political advantage over poorer citizens/countries.
142
What is the caste system?
Stratification of people based on ascription or birth.
143
What does the caste system regulate?
Occupations, dharmas (duties in life), rights to foods, colours of clothing etc.
144
What are the five main castes?
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaishyas
4. Sudras
5. Dalits/Untouchables
145
What is the "class system"?
Stratification of people based on birth and achievement
146
What is a "quintile"?
One of five equal groups into which a population is divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable. Each group represents 20%. (ex. Wealth: 1st quintile poorest, 5th quintile richest)
147
What is a "strata"?
Social classes ranked in layers with no specific relationship to the means of producing wealth
148
What is a "decile"?
Ranked groups each making up 110% of a total population.
149
How is post-secondary education a major avenue of social mobility?
Through education, post-secondary offers lower-class the ability to secure middle-class jobs.
150
How is there social inequality in education?
If tuition fees are high, then low-income students cannot afford a post-secondary education, therefore this method of social mobility is blocked to the lower class.
151
What are the four major points of David & Moore's structural functionalist approach to the class system?
1. Class system is beneficial for the operation of society
2. Positions vary by importance and difficulty (some are more important in society)
3. Functionally important positions come with the most rewards
4. Egalitarian societies offer little incentive for people to try their best: capitalist societies need this stratification.
152
What are two short-falls of Davis & Moore's approach to the class system?
1. It is not applicable for positions like athletes and stars
2. Makes the assumption that $$ motivates everyone.
153
Why is capitalism destructive?
Because it relies on profit and profit must grow each year, but profit is not sustainable.
154
What are the four points of Marx and Engle's Social Conflict Approach?
1. Conflict rooted in people's unequal access to the means of production
2. Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat: Bourgeoisie monopolized production, proletariat denied chance of production.
3. Capitalism works in favour of the capitalist (money=power)
4. Class consciousness forms when you have a class system (except proletariat lacked it)
155
What is the difference between upward and downward social mobility?
Upward: moving up social positions
Downward: moving down social positions
156
What is the difference between intragenerational and intergenerational social mobility?
Intragenerational: comparison within yourself. (ex. before and after a job)
Intergeneration: comparison between generations (ex. you and your parents)
157
What is the difference between individual and structural social mobility?
Individual: social movement of an individual
Structural: entire population moves in social standing
158
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical social mobility?
Horizontal: Slight increase, but no real change in status (ex. moving to a job that pays you a bit more)
Vertical: Radical change.
159
What is the "Thomas Theorem"?
Situations that are defined as real, become real in their consequences. (Reality typically achieved through interactions)
160
The Thomas Theorem influenced a concept called the "definition of the situation". What does it mean?
Given a particular situation, different individuals with interpret the situation differently in contradictory ways depending on their own subjective experiences.
161
Who created the "dramaturgical approach"?
Erving Goffman
162
What is the "dramaturgical approach"?
The study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performances. (The performance people play in front of others)
163
What are the two components of the dramaturgical approach?
1. Front stage: Public display
| 2. Back Stage: Private display
164
What are 3 reasons why many sociologists are not involved in studying small group interactions?
1. Small group study was favoured by structural functionalists (out of favour perspective)
2. Small-group studies lack proper consideration of other sociological factors (ex. race, gender, etc.)
3. Considered artificial (especially in a lab setting)
165
What is a "status"?
A recognized social position that a person occupies.
166
What is a "status set"?
The collective statuses a person holds at any given time.
167
A status can be "achieved" or "ascribed". What is the difference?
Achieved Statuses: obtained through personal effort
| Ascribed Statuses: A status you were born into.
168
What is "social mobility"?
The movement from one class to another (usually higher)
169
What is "passing"?
The downplaying/disowning of an ascribed status by claiming a dominant status.
170
Give an example of "passing".
Aboriginal people will claim to be white in order to have more opportunities.
171
Who introduced the concept of a "master status"?
Everett C. Hughes.
172
What is a "master status"?
The status that dominates the entire status set and plays the greatest role in shaping one's identity.
173
What is "status hierarchy"?
The ranking of statuses based on prestige and power (also by sociological category)
174
What is status inconsistency?
Where one status is highly ranked in the status hierarchy, but not the others (vice versa).
175
What is an example of status inconsistency?
Male, educated, wealthy, black.
176
What is status consistency?
All the statuses rank high in the hierarchy (all line up)
177
What is an example of status consistency?
Male, educated, wealthy, white.
178
What is a "role"?
A set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status. (provide guiding principles)
179
What is Merton's "role set"?
The number of roles attached to each status.
180
What is "marginalization"?
The experience of being insignificant and being moved beyond the margin of mainstream society.
181
"Social segregation" is an outcome due to and a way to deal with marginalization. Define it and give an example.
Social Segregation: A deliberate strategy to separate groups of individuals based on social characteristics or the outcome of feeling marginalized as a result of this strategy.
Ex. An Asian lawyer will have Asian clients.
182
Roles can conflict leading to "role strain" and "role conflict". Define both.
Role strain: tension between roles connected to a single status.
Role conflict: tensions between the expectations related to different statuses.
183
Both role strain and role conflict can lead to "role exit". Define "role exit".
Process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one's identity, and establishing a new role.
184
What is the "social construction of reality"?
Statuses and roles are an integral part of interactions with others and peoples interactions with us.
185
What is Erving Goffman's "presentation of self" and what 2 methods does it use?
Presentation of self: an individual's efforts to create specific impressions I the minds of others.
Methods:
1. Impression management
2. Dramaturgical analysis
186
What is "tact"?
Overlooking someone's embarrassment in order to save them from more embarrassment.
187
What four things does Goffman's social construction of reality include?
1. Non-verbal communication (ex. body language)
2. Gender differences (diff in verbal communication between men and women)
3. Idealization (always want to convince others of our purity of intent: I want to be a doctor to save lives!)
4. Embarrassment and tact
188
What is "race"?
A socially constructed category of people who share a certain biologically transmitted trait that members of society considered important. (Classification based on physical characteristics)
189
What does hierarchy have to do with race?
Race ranks people in a hierarchy.
190
What does hierarchy allow an access to?
Social resources. The higher up you are in a category, the more social resources you are accessible to.
191
What is "racialization"?
Process in which people are viewed and judged as essentially different in terms of their:
1. intellect
2. morality
3. values
4. worth
because f differences of physical appearance or cultural heritage.
192
What is Wilson and Wilsons "relational accountability"?
An approach that shows people's strengths and weaknesses, so that problems can be viewed along success.
193
What is the "Powley test"?
A test used to determine whether Native and Metis people can lawfully hunt without a licence.
194
What is "racism"?
The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.
195
Is racism universal?
No, it is variable.
196
Whose oppression does racism entail?
The racial category deemed inferior.
197
What are the four elements of racism?
1. The construction of certain groups as biologically INFERIOR/SUPERIOR.
2. Attach STEREOTYPES/PREJUDICECS to certain groups
3. DISCRIMMINATION against groups.
4. Need power/INSTITUTIONALIZED INEQUALITY in order to enforce racism.
198
What are two types of racism?
1. Racial Bigotry
| 2. Polite, Smiling or Friendly Racism
199
What is "racial bigotry"?
Open, conscious expression of racist views by an INDIVIDUAL.
200
What is "polite, smiling, friendly racism"?
Racism hidden behind smiles or words that seem friendly.
201
What is an example of polite racism?
You're pretty nice for a black.
202
What are "stereotypes"?
Exaggerated descriptions applied to every person in some category. Contain generalized descriptions
203
What is "reversed stereotyping"?
Stereotyping of majorities by minorities or by minorities to other minorities.
204
Are stereotypes negative?
No, they can be positive if they outline a positive generalization.
205
What is "prejudice"?
Rigid and unfair generalization about a grew, pre-judgements made on the basis of a group membership.
206
Can prejudice's be positive?
Yes, they are both positive and negative.
207
What three things do prejudices rely on?
1. a matter of attitude
2. supported by little to no evidence
3. based on generalizations.
208
Which racial group are individuals positively prejudiced towards?
Their own.
209
What is "institutionalized racism"?
When the racist practices, rules and laws become institutionalized and advantages are regularly handed to one group over others.
210
What is "discrimination"?
The different treatment (punishments or rewards) based on group membership.
211
What are four characteristics of discrimination?
1. matter of action (positive or negative)
2. ranges from subtle to blatant
3. Can be individual or institutional.
4. Prejudiced and discrimination tend to reinforce each other.
212
What are "master narratives"?
An account constructed by a people or country about its living that downplay/ignore racism and constructs the people/nation as "heroic".
213
What is "historical amnesia"?
The omitting of the existence and contribution of non-Europeans from history.
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What is "ethnicity"?
A shared cultural heritage (common ancestor, language, religion) that has a distinct social culture and identity.
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How is ethnicity MODIFIED?
By abandoning religion, language etc. and assimilating into the dominant culture of ethnic groups.
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What are the three main approaches to ethnicity?
1. Social constructionism
2. Instrumentalism
3. Primordialism
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What are two other approaches to ethnicity?
1. Epiphenomenal
| 2. Anti-colonialism
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What is "Primordialism" (aka. essentialism)?
The view that every ethnic group is made up of a "laundry list" of traits that have been carried down from past to present with very little change.
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What kind of view of culture does primordialism present?
A static, not dynamic, view.
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What does it mean to be "minoritized"?
Denoting a an identifiable social group that is discriminated against by mainstream society.
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What is "anti-colonialism"?
A theoretical framework developed to analyze the destructive impact colonialism has on the colonizer and the colonized.
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What is "colonialism"?
The economic and political exploitation of a weaker country by a stronger one.
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Indirect rule usually leads to internal colonialism. What is "internal colonialism"?
The colonialism of one people by another within a single country.
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In terms of ethnicity, what does the "anti-colonialism theory identify?
Identifies colonialism as a factor in the development or escalation of conflict between ethnic groups. (ex. increasing tension between Huron's and Algonquin's due to English and French colonialism)
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What is "indirect rule"?
A colonial policy in which a European nation uses members of a particular ethnic group as its intermediaries in a ruling area.
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Indirect rule usually leads to dual colonialism. What is dual colonialism?
Under a colonial regime, the most oppressed groups suffer at the hands of the colonizer and at the hands of the local groups given privilege and power by the colonizer.
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What does "epiphenomenal mean"?
A secondary effect that rises, but does not influence, a separate phenomenon.
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What does the epiphenomenal theory suggest in terms of ethnicity?
Any ethnic conflict is really a by-product of the struggle between economic classes. (ethnicity is just used as a "smoke-screen")
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What is "instrumentalism"?
A sociological approach that focuses on situations in which ethnic leaders mobilize groups in order to develop the groups' political and social strength.
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What is "social constructionism"?
The idea that social identities do not exist naturally but are constructed by individuals/groups for social purposes.
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What are "ethnic entrepreneurs"?
Elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain.
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What does instrumentalism focus on in terms of ethnicity?
Focuses on emerging ethnicity and acknowledges that elites can mobilize others who identify with them ethnically, thus creating "self awareness" and ethnic groups.
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What does instrumentalism employ?
Ethnic entrepreneurs.
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What is one downfall of instrumentalism?
Fails to consider the non-elite and the agency that they have.
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What are the classifications of race and ethnicity in Canada?
1. Aboriginals People
2. British Canadians
3. French Canadians
4. Visible minorities (immigrants)
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What is Dofny and Rioux's "ethnic class" phenomenon?
People of particular ethnicity belong predominantly to one class.
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What is "intersectionality"?
The way different social factors shape the experience of a minoritized group. (Black women's experience is different from a Black man's)
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What notion did Crenshaw and Collins' intersectionality theory argue against?
The notion that all women experience prejudice and discrimination in the same way and to the same degree.
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What is the "interlocking matrix of domination"?
The effect on an individual or group of gender-based stereotypes when combined with other minoritizing social factors (class, race/ethnicity)
