Midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

episodic versus semantic

Answer 1

* Episodic- explicit; semantic- w/o source memory * Thinks that we all have semantic memory as children (how we obtain knowledge) but we don’t have the specific episodic memory that gave rise to that semantic memory

Answer 2

• Comes from philosopher Ryle: knowing how is procedural & knowing what is declarative (contains both episodic & semantic) • Three Different Types of Amnesia o Hippocampal Amnesia o Frontal Amnesia o Global Amnesia • Hippocampal Amnesia o Squire worked with patient called R.B. and other amnesiac patients o You can tell someone is amnesiac by the differences between memory test & other IQ tests o Tested paired associates & story recall in which amnesiacs did poorly o Diagram recall: o Word recall: 10 word lists o Public event recall & recognition (RB performs well) o RB also has great autobiographical recall

Answer 3

o Squire worked with patient called R.B. and other amnesiac patients o You can tell someone is amnesiac by the differences between memory test & other IQ tests o Tested paired associates & story recall in which amnesiacs did poorly o Diagram recall: o Word recall: 10 word lists o Public event recall & recognition (RB performs well) o RB also has great autobiographical recall

Answer 4

* Studied conducted binding tests of hippocampal patients * Binding entails sticking different parts of an event together; they showed patients a list of items; like face, then they tested with old items, new items, and conjunction items * There was no difference on the old and new items but they failed to say that the conjunction items were new

Answer 5

PI: working memory for 3-item lists starts off good with every subsequent list in the same category, recall gets worse earlier words are (proactively) inhibiting memory for later words • release from PI: switching list categories restores recall to starting levels • frontal lobe amnesia patients & Korsakoff’s patients don’t show release from PI

Answer 6

You get enhanced memory for the odd man out in a list (except for some Patients with frontal lobe lesions).

Answer 7

Earliest Model of Attention - created by Donald Broadbent who worked in the first World War - was interested in how people pay attention - filter theory: human attention can be attributed to a funnel system where information received from sensory input could only be filtered one stimuli at a time through the attend channel - when one channel is open, the other is closed - to not attend to something means to not have processed it at a sensory level - subject was stimulated with two streams where words of meaningful sentences are switched, meaning was still received- different sentences depending on the ear that was shadowed -similarity between two channels matters but so does mean -task will be easier if the two channels differ There are some of the expections to the idea that you can filter on a sensory basis which caused a revision of the theory -example: name, baby crying, siren,

Answer 8

Late pass filter: you semantically analyze everything after it as happened; opens for the door for some perception without consciousness Early pass filter: you semantically analyze before you pay attention to it; there

Answer 9

- we can’t know for sure what a person is paying attention to but eyetracking has been helpful - it is not an exact science but it is helpful - the surface of the cornea and the surface of lens has a laser beam shot at it. The light will bounce back depending on where the eye is moving - children tend to look at the eyes, mouth, and nose of a face Earliest eyetracking experiment was conducted by Yarbus - presents subjects with the same photo and asks them to draw conclusions about the photo - shows that people pay attention to different things

Answer 10

the movements that the eye makes looking from one aspect of an image to another

Answer 11

when one's perception of an item does not reach the threshold to conciousness

Answer 12

when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it • Did you see the gorilla? • Change items in a scene • Flicker between two similar scenes with one item different Recall that we have the illusion that we see everything in a smooth, undistorted visual scene, rather than that we have a focus of attention and ‘see’ in detail only within it. But this is an illusion! Don’t notice if something were changing, if we had the entire visual field but only for a moment.

Answer 13

Sterling Experiments- related to the illusion that we have that we see everything in a smooth, undistorted visual scene, rather than that we actually have a focus of attention and see the detail only within it. We do actually see it all, but rapidly forget most of it except for what is cued. Fixation → letter array→blank field array→ cue tone → report

Answer 14

Triesman says that you need to have things together within the spotlight of attention (Which is kind of like a flashlight beam (in order for the features to be bound together, perceptually.

Answer 15

conjunction errors occur when the features of two items are blurred together in one item during recall (if the items are flashed quickly) the correct features need time to bind together to a coherent percept. Attention binds the features together correctly.

Answer 16

For example, an auditory three-back test could consist of the experimenter reading the following list of letters to the list the subject The subject is supped to indicate when the letters were in the same order as those that were read 3 stops earlier Supposed to measure intelligence when done quickly Working memory turns out to be associated with ID.This is especially true for working memory tasks that require some kind of computation Recent work indicates that you can increase your working memory capacity

Answer 17

Working memory turns out to be associated with IQ.This is especially true for working memory tasks that require some kind of computation Recent work indicates that you can increase your working memory capacity

Answer 18

seen on IQ tests

Answer 19

event related potentials are measured electrical responses in the brain to stimuli.

Answer 20

``` P3 – Stimulus classification and response preparation – Varies with stimulus complexity – associated with memory and attention occurs when odd ball item is presented ```

Answer 21

P1 – 50ms: auditory, 100ms: visual – general attention/ arousal N1 – Selective attention to stimulus characteristics – Stimulus discrimination P2 – obligatory cortical potential – Low individual variability and high reproducibility – Stimulus classification – Sensitive to pitch and loudness (auditory) N2 – Stimulus discriminatin – Deviation of stimulus from expectation

Answer 22

inability to name objects

Answer 23

The man who mistook his wife for a hat Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.

Answer 24

lack of awareness of deficit

Answer 25

is a disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.

Answer 26

a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive

Answer 27

split brain patients are patients who have had the two lobes or hemispheres of their brains divided

Answer 28

also called face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision making) remain intact.

Answer 29

Sally Anne Task: Where is the toy versus Where does Sally think the toy is? Faux Paus Task: Katherine inadvertently insults Zach’s taste in home decor. Should she feel bad? Blindfold Task: Stuss’s patient tries out a blindfold, then sees it being put on RA1. Stuss hides some money behind a screen, in both RA1 and RA2’s line of sight. Who does the patient ask to retrieve the money for him?

Answer 30

autistic patients with exceptional memory.

Answer 31

significantly larger hippocampi

Answer 32

after one has been wronged, they have a limited amount of time to report this crime. This clock begins once they have discovered that they have been wronged.

Answer 33

• Anderson & Green- people had a long list of pair words rehearsed them until they could recall one word with another cue word • Then they broke the cues into those for which the person should not think of the answer, and those for which the person should not think of the answer. The subjects had to learn which were which • You’re supposed to learn to not bring the target into consciousness in the no-think condition • They then compare thinking to non-think from 0-16 repetitions o 0 is the control condition • when told to not think, memory goes down • when told to response, memory improves • this supports the argument of selective forgetting/ repression

Answer 34

Error Correction from Huelser’s thesis • Suppressing the wrong answer does not help one remember the right answer • Wrong answer might be a way to obtain the right answer

Answer 35

Our hypercorrection Example: o Adults and elders generally have a high correlation between their post answer confidence that they were right and whether they were actually right o In recognition memory, you can ask for a graded confidence judgment that will very nicely reflect people’s knowledge, instead of just asking them to say yes or no

Answer 36

• Research comes from animal literature • Main people: Nader, Pitman, Schafe, Ledoux • The standard reconsolidation paradigm involves erasing a memory • The memory must for be retrieved & is then malleable • In experiment, animal is conditioned to fear tone due to shock that follows • Animal is injected with a serum (ansiomycin) that prevents the animal from processing memory • This experiment cannot be done to humans The animal then does not respond w/ fear to the music • idea that when you are retrieving a memory, it becomes malleable • every time a memory is retrieved, it is subject to additions/changes/subtractions before being put back (consolidated)

Answer 37

in a series that is presented, one item stands out from the rest in semantic meaning, upon recall of the list, the odd ball stands out because it demands attention