Midterm 2

Question 0

Who proposed the idea that cave art was calendrical?

Answer 0

Alexander Marshack- microscope looked @ artifacts- found the lines on sticks, a lot of them had a series of lines- summer solstice/winter solstice

Question 1

Know what kind of map Anthropologist view art as

Answer 1

Road map to society, gives insight into the minds (psycho-historical ideas)

Question 2

How did Alexander Marshack come to the conclusion that cave art is calendrical?

Answer 2

He, with a microscope, looked at artifacts-found the lines on sticks, a lot of them had a series of lines- summer solstice/winter solstice

Question 3

What is style?

Answer 3

It is a shared tradition

Question 4

Who said art was fertility magic?

Answer 4

Andre Leyrcy Gourhan- He felt that the art was not part of a random system of meaningless. He thought the art was fertility magic, there were male and female components (ie- Byson-female, Horses- male) 1965- sympathetic magic

Question 5

What was the difference between portable and mural art?

Answer 5

Mural art is unbounded and portable art can be carried around with you… is this right???

Question 6

What are Venus figurines?

Answer 6

They were made out of bone, pottery, and/or clay; they are only female- portable art. They never have a mouth, sometimes hair. They are sometimes hollow- thought to be a firecracker.

Question 7

What is the difference between pietographs and petragliph?

Answer 7

Pietographs- painted on with pigment

Petragliph- design is pecked onto rock

Question 8

What were the fixatives with pigment for paint?

Answer 8

Saliva, urine, Daniel Ellsbergbers, squash, pumpkins

Question 9

We can date the rock if we can get ___ off it (for paintings)

Answer 9

Pigment (charcoal)

Question 10

What is the systematic study of signs and their meanings?

Answer 10

Semeiotics

Question 11

Who invented Semeiotics?

Answer 11

Charles Pierce

Question 12

What are signs?

Answer 12

Things that are commonly taken to mean other things

Question 13

What is an icon?

Answer 13

A icon is a sign that bears resemblance to the image it is trying to convey

Question 14

What is an Index?

Answer 14

An index is a sign that emerges from a natural phenomena (like a pulse- a sign you are alive)

Question 15

What are symbols?

Answer 15

They are signs that do not look like what they are trying to convey

Question 16

Is cave art random?

Answer 16

No.

Question 17

Is cave art a form of communication?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What are the different periods of cave art study and their aspects?

Answer 18

IDK

Question 19

Holmes had a theory that went like…?

Answer 19

We give a symbolic attachment to a design. These designs start to look like what they stood for, provides material for ideograms and symbols. (this is the part where she drew a basket with a patter on it and the design on the basic eventually became the symbol for rain). Art was an accident. Out growth of technique made symbolic attachment.

Question 20

What was Stolpe’s theory?

Answer 20

He was into realism, the original intent ingrades into a geometric design to make it easier to draw. Art began as an attempt to primordial design but ended in a geometric design.

Question 21

What are the shared characteristics of farming civilizations? (make a list)

Answer 21

1) sedentary settlements
2) Specialized technologies
3) Various risks (more on that in another slide)
4) Social complexity
5) specalization

Question 22

What are the risks of farming?

Answer 22

1. Stay 2. Defend 3. water 4. weed/cultivate 5. Harvest. 6process 7. store/preserve= labor

Question 23

What advantages does a civilization need to support a large population?

Answer 23

Reliable, renewable, and storable goods whether that is from marine resources or pastures

Question 24

What is the oasis theory?

Answer 24

Proposed by Gordon Childe, dry climate forced people and animals to concentrate where water is located

Question 25

Who created the Oasis Theory?

Answer 25

Gordon Childe

Question 26

What is the Dump Heap/Genus Thory?

Answer 26

Early foragers knew if you left plant waste in the same location, plants will eventually grow.

Question 27

What was the natural Habitat theory?

Answer 27

It is a theory proposed by Robert Braidwood. He proposed the idea that early domesticates appear where they originated. In Africa- we don't really have domesticated animals. (look up to verify)

Question 28

What was the Edge Hypothesis Theory?

Answer 28

It was proposed by Lewis Binford, said that unfavorable conditions in outlying areas force agriculture. (ex- the supermarket for the people who lived to far from the center of town had to grow their own food or die)

Question 29

Who came up with the Edge Theory?

Answer 29

Lewis Binford

Question 30

Who came up with the Natural Habitat theory?

Answer 30

Robert Braidwood

Question 31

What was the Social Hypothesis?

Answer 31

It was proposed by Barbara Bender, food surplus can be traded for more valuable items which lead to social status. Food surplus= more valued goods= status

Question 32

What is the risk minimization theory?

Answer 32

It is that food production arose from risk management

Question 33

What does surplus do for a culture?

Answer 33

Food surplus leads to having more valued items. Therefore, giving higher status.

Question 34

What is important about lineage?

Answer 34

Right to rule is usually based on lineage. Also family inherits animal, plant, natural objects representing as a certain tribal or traditional people as an emblem or clan or family (Totem/ Crests) In addition, the right to hunt can be inherited

Question 35

What was the PNWC peoples renewable resource?

Answer 35

Salmon

Question 36

What ceremony was used for redistribution of wealth?

Answer 36

Potlatch (Patshatl- means to give away), includes public witness and recognition

Question 37

Do marine dependent groups require any technological specialties?

Answer 37

Yes. Their sources were freshwater/ saltwater, rivers/ lakes, they needed canoes to navigate the waters so they could hunt whales, seals, and walruses. And so being hey were skilled fishers and navigators as well as hunters

Question 38

What was the Kula Ring?

Answer 38

It was the term used to describe the trade of seashells (bracelets and armbands)

Question 39

What were the types of reciprocity?

Answer 39

Generalized reciprocity- exchange and payment due date not specified nor what will get in payment Balanced reciprocity- barter; exchange- everything specified Negative reciprocity- someone tries to get the better deal

Question 40

What were beads made out of?

Answer 40

Abalone

Question 41

What was the cargo (<-spelling?) cult in Guatemala?

Answer 41

It was a system that kept any one person from having all the wealth by requiring that person to sponsor social events for a year

Question 42

What was 1879- 1902

Answer 42

The Bull? On the ceiling- cave of Altamira. Calcium drippings, animals paleolithic, Marcelino Sanz de Sautvole- given credit for finding cave to find stuff to sell, she was

Question 43

What are the patterns of farming?

Answer 43

Horticulture- mixed group, different plants near dwelling (goes out and plants are outside of house, variety and diverse groups of crops Shifting cultivation or slash and Burn- mixed crops (1-2 year yield) poor soil and rainforest Agriculture/field cropping: Large areas of single crops (invites pesticides), 1848 Potato Famine, 1900 Banana Plantation

Question 44

What are the advantages that are necessary to have large civilizations

Answer 44

Need reliable, renewable, and storable goods

Question 45

What was the Recovery Revolution

Answer 45

It is one of the farming theories, it is a mixture of all farming theories, it looks at everything (systems theory- whatever that means)= multi-causal theories.

Question 46

What animals were older? Polychrome or Monochrome?

Answer 46

Monochrome

Question 47

Polychrome means what?

Answer 47

Multiple colors

Question 48

Animals facing sideways or animals looking- what design is oldest?

Answer 48

Animals looking at you is older, animals with faces sideways is younger