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Sociology 121 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

stratification

A

unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege

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2
Q

ubiguity

A

present, appearing or found everywhere

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3
Q

invisibility

A

ubiquity makes us invisible, the ‘norm’, visibility of the unprivileged race
ex) we see ‘black people’

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4
Q

neutral

A

having no strongly marked or positive characters or features

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5
Q

race

A

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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6
Q

racialization

A

social and political processes whereby racial groups are established

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7
Q

how is race socially constructed?

A
  • race came about during the Enlightenment

- scientists categorized the human species

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8
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A
  • 18th century Swedish naturalist
  • extended his classification of plans and animals to humans
  • 4 groups (Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, Afer)
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9
Q

Immanual Kant

A
  • 18th century German philosopher
  • essay “of the different human races”
  • humans share a common root but environmental factors determine traits
  • 4 groups (nobble blonde, cooper red, black and olive yellow)
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10
Q

the text book classifies by 3 groups of race:

A

caucasoid (light skin, fine hair)
negroid (dark skin, coarse hair)
monogoloid (yellow or brown skin, eye folds)

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11
Q

Du Bois (1868-1963)

A

African American sociologist, activist, historian, essayist

  • books: “Philadelphia Negro” & “… Black Folk”
  • “the problem of the 20th century” = racism
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12
Q

prejudice

A

a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
-often takes the form of stereotype

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13
Q

racism

A

a form of prejudice premised on belief that one racial category is innately superior

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14
Q

discrimination

A

unequal treatment of various categories of people

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15
Q

institutional prejudice and discrimination

A
  • bias built into society’s institutions

- Canadian curriculum = white, eurocentric, deprives others of their racial background and history

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16
Q

what is colonialism?

A

forced intrusion into the territories of Indigenous peoples followed by land takeover and denying the validity of their political, economical, and legal system

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17
Q

settler colonialism

A

intention of settlers is to establish a new home

  • assume ownership over territory
  • not immigrants
  • requires destruction of Indigenous peoples culture, law, etc
  • racist attitudes help justify colonialism
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18
Q

effects of colonialism

A
  • loss of land and resources
  • loss of culture, specfically language
  • poverty
  • high suicide rates
  • racism embedded in our institutions
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19
Q

Indian Act

A

long history of assimilation policies in the Canadian federal law (1876)
-gives federal Gov power to manage Indigenous communities

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20
Q

decolonization

A

aims to “regenerate indigenous knowledges, epistemologies and ways of life”

  • a goal, not an end point
  • includes resistance to corporate and gov. control
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21
Q

Aboriginal rights

A

collective rights that flow from Aboriginal peoples continued use and occupation of certain areas

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22
Q

Aboriginal title

A

inherent Aboriginal right to land or territory

-tied to the land and their access to it

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23
Q

early assumptions of gender and sex in sociology:

A
  • men & women are fundamentally different (psychologically, emotionally, and sexually)
  • men are naturally superior and dominate
  • male domination is based on natural biological differences
  • sociology took a male bias
24
Q

feminism(s)

A
  • society and social relations are gendered
  • gender relations are unequal
  • inequality is socially produced and can be changed
25
Q

1st wave feminism (19th century)

A

focuses on equal rights under the law (the right to vote)

26
Q

2nd wave feminism (around 1960s)

A

“the person is political”

  • emphasis on women’s unique identity
  • separation of sex from gender
  • includes critique of white feminism
27
Q

Ann Oakley (2nd wave)

A

British sociologist showed how gender is historically and culturally variable and thus distinct from sex

28
Q

Dorothy Smith (2nd wave)

A

Canadian sociologist argued for women-centered sociology

-highlighted the exclusion of women’s experiences from sociological research (ex. paid labour vs. domestic labour)

29
Q

Patricia Hill Collins (2nd wave)

A

African-American sociologist

-argued for black feminist sociology grounded in black women’s experiences

30
Q

3rd wave feminism (around 1990s)

A

linked with post-modern feminism

  • challenged the idea of fixed gender identity
  • gender is unstable and his multiple meanings
31
Q

Judith Butler (3rd wave)

A

American feminist theorist, performative theory of gender

-gender is an effect of our practices, not the cause

32
Q

gender stratification vs. sexism

A

gender stratification= unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women
sexism= the belief that one sex is superior to the other

33
Q

social stratification

A

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy so that some people have more money, power and prestige to others

34
Q

class (Marx)

A

refers t the relationship people have to the means of production

35
Q

means of production (Marx)

A

the means by which material goods are produced (ex. technology and relations between producers)

36
Q

capitalists (Marx)

A

those who own the means of production

37
Q

working class (Marx)

A

those who sell their labour to the capitalists (do not own the means of production)

38
Q

class situation (Weber)

A 
the life conditions, skills, abilities and orientations of a social actor that shape and direct their social actions 
-people share a class when they share life styles and chances
39
Q

socio-economic status

A

a measure of social position that encompasses income, power, occupational prestige and schooling

40
Q

income

A

occupational wage of salaries, earnings from investments and government transfer programs

41
Q

wealth

A

the total amount of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

42
Q

food insecurity

A

“the inability to obtain sufficient, nutritious, personally acceptable food through normal food channels or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so” (Rock 161)

43
Q

food secure vs. food insecure perception of KD

A

secure: palatable, complete meal, comforting
insecure: last resort, incomplete meal

44
Q

social mobility

A

a change in social position

-intra & intergenerational

45
Q

intragenerational

A

change of social class in one’s lifetime

46
Q

intergenerational

A

change of social class in comparison to your parents

47
Q

reproduction of class identity

A

process by which social position is transmitted from one generation to the next

48
Q

transformation of class identity

A

refers to the process whereby social actor alters their social position in order to achieve a social position that differs from their parents

49
Q

Kaufman identifies 3 transformational practices:

A

1) associational embrace (hanging out with people of desired class)
2) associational distance (avoiding being affiliated with certain groups)
3) behavoural (acting like a member of a class in which you desire)

50
Q

absolute poverty

A

a deprivation of resources that is life threatening

  • based on the cost of “essential basket of goods and services deemed necessary for survival” (Rose, 174)
  • sheer survival over quality of life
51
Q

relative poverty

A

deprivation of some people in relation to others

  • includes a consideration of psychological and social well-being in addition to physical well-being
  • acknowledges importance of social inclusion and quality of social community
52
Q

the working poor

A

working people whose wage barely gets them by

-living wage

53
Q

feminization of poverty

A

the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor

54
Q

pluralism

A

a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
ex) the relationship between Quebec and the rest of Canada, or the relationship between Aboriginal people and the rest of Canada

55
Q

institutional completeness

A

the complexity of community organizations that meet the needs of members
-Breton, the presence of these formal organizations maintains “in-group boundaries” and “out-groups”

56
Q

miscengeration

A

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

Sociology 121 (3 decks)

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