Midterm 2 Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
Post hoc fallacy
A
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
2
Q
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
A
Post hoc fallacy
3
Q
Cross-sectional design
A
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
4
Q
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
A
Cross-sectional design
5
Q
Cohort effect
A
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
6
Q
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
A
Cohort effect
7
Q
Longitudal design
A
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
8
Q
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
A
Longitudal design
9
Q
Gene-environment interaction
A
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
10
Q
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
A
Gene-environment interaction
11
Q
Nature via Nurture
A
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
12
Q
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
A
Nature via Nurture
13
Q
Gene expression
A
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
14
Q
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
A
Gene expression
15
Q
Zygote
A
fertilized egg
16
Q
fertilized egg
A
Zygote
17
Q
Motor behaviour
A
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
18
Q
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
A
Motor behaviour
19
Q
Puberty
A
the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
20
Q
the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
A
Puberty
21
Q
Primary sex characteristic
A
a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
22
Q
a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
A
Primary sex characteristic
23
Q
a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men
A
Secondary sex characteristic
24
Q
Secondary sex characteristic
A
a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men
25
Cognitive development
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
26
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Cognitive development
27
Assimilation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
28
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Assimilation
29
Accommodation
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
30
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Accommodation
31
Erikson's 8 stages of human development
1. Infancy
2. Toddlerhood
3. Early childhood
4. Middle childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Young adulthood
7. Adulthood
8. Aging
32
1. Infancy
2. Toddlerhood
3. Early childhood
4. Middle childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Young adulthood
7. Adulthood
8. Aging
Erikson's 8 stages of human development
33
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
34
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
Adolescence
35
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
36
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Young adulthood
37
Adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
38
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Adulthood
39
Aging
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
40
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Aging
41
Emerging adulthood
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
42
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
Emerging adulthood
43
Preconventional Morality
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
44
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
Preconventional Morality
45
Conventional Morality
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
46
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
Conventional Morality
47
Postconventional Morality
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
48
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
Postconventional Morality
49
Primary appraisal
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
50
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
Primary appraisal
51
secondary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
52
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
53
problem-focused coping
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life's challenges head-on
54
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life's challenges head-on
problem-focused coping
55
emotional-focused coping
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
56
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
emotional-focused coping
57
corticosteroid
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
58
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
corticosteroid
59
hassle
minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope
60
minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope
hassle
61
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
62
stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
63
The alarm reaction
Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.
64
Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.
The alarm reaction
65
Resistance reaction
Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.
66
Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.
Resistance reaction
67
Exhaustion reaction
The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. "Burned out".
68
The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. "Burned out".
Exhaustion reaction
69
Flight-or-fight response
Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation
70
Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation
Flight-or-fight response
71
Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress
Tend and befriend
72
Tend and befriend
Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress
73
Immune system
Our body's defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances
74
Our body's defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances
Immune system
75
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,
76
a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
77
Psychoneuroimmunology
study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
78
study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
Psychoneuroimmunology
79
Peptic ulcer
inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite
80
inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite
Peptic ulcer
81
Psychophysiological
illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.
82
illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.
Psychophysiological
83
Biopsychosocial perspective
The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.
84
The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.
Biopsychosocial perspective
85
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.
86
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
87
Proactive coping
Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping
88
Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping
Proactive coping
89
Health psychology
field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine
90
field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine
Health psychology
91
Aerobic exercise
exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body
92
exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body
Aerobic exercise
93
Alternative medicine
health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine
94
health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine
Alternative medicine
95
Complementary medicine
health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine
96
health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine
Complementary medicine
97
Biofeedback
Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature
98
Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature
Biofeedback
99
Meditation
a variety of practices that train attention and awareness
100
a variety of practices that train attention and awareness
Meditation
101
Acupuncture
ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body
102
ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body
Acupuncture
103
Homeopathic medicine
Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body's own natural defences
104
Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body's own natural defences
Homeopathic medicine
105
Personality
people's typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
106
people's typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
Personality
107
Trait
relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations
108
relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations
Trait
109
Nomothetic approach
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
110
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
Nomothetic approach
111
Idiographic approach
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
112
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Idiographic approach
113
Molecular genetic study
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
114
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Molecular genetic study
115
Psychic determinism
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
116
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
Psychic determinism
117
Id
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
118
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
Id
119
Pleasure principle
tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification
120
tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification
Pleasure principle
121
Superego
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
122
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Superego
123
Ego
Psyche's executive and principal decision maker
124
Psyche's executive and principal decision maker
Ego
125
Reality principle
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet
126
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet
Reality principle
127
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
128
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Defence mechanisms
129
Repression
the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
130
the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Repression
131
Denial
the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
132
the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Denial
133
Regression
the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age
134
the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age
Regression
135
Reaction-formation
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
136
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
Reaction-formation
137
Projection
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
138
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Projection
139
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
140
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
Displacement
141
Rationalization
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures
142
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures
Rationalization
143
Sublimation
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
144
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
Sublimation
145
Erogenous zone
Sexually arpusing zone of the body
146
Sexually arpusing zone of the body
Erogenous zone
147
Oral stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
148
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Oral stage
149
Anal stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
150
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Anal stage
151
Phallic stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
152
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Phallic stage
153
Oedipus complex
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
154
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Oedipus complex
155
Electra complex
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
156
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
Electra complex
157
Latency stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
158
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
Latency stage
159
Genital stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
160
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
Genital stage
161
neo-Freudian theories
theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
162
theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
neo-Freudian theories
163
Style of life
According to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority
164
According to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority
Style of life
165
Inferiority complex
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings
166
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings
Inferiority complex
167
Collective unconscious
according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
168
according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
Collective unconscious
169
Archetypes
Cross-culturally universal symbols
170
Cross-culturally universal symbols
Archetypes
171
Reciprocal determinism
Tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behaviour
172
Tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behaviour
Reciprocal determinism
173
Locus of control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
174
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
Locus of control
175
Self-actualization
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
176
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Self-actualization
177
Conditions of worth
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
178
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
Conditions of worth
179
Peak experience
Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
180
Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
Peak experience
181
Factor analysis
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
182
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
Factor analysis
183
Big Five
Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
```
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
184
Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
```
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
Big Five
185
Openness to experience
Open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. "I like opera music")
186
These people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. "I like opera music")
Openness to experience
187
Conscientiousness
These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. "I show up to appointments on time or early")
188
These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. "I show up to appointments on time or early")
Conscientiousness
189
Extroversion
These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. "I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book")
190
These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. "I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book")
Extroversion
191
Agreeableness
These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. "I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me")
192
These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. "I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me")
Agreeableness
193
Neuroticism
These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. "it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry")
194
These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. "it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry")
Neuroticism
195
Lexical approach
Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
196
Structured personality test
Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
197
Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Structured personality test
198
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
199
Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
200
Empirical method of test construction
Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
201
Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
Empirical method of test construction
202
Face validity
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
203
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
Face validity
204
Rational/theoretical method of test construction
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.
205
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.
Rational/theoretical method of test construction
206
Projective test
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
207
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
Projective test
208
Projective hypothesis
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
209
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
Projective hypothesis
210
Rorschach inkblot test
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
211
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
Rorschach inkblot test
212
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
213
Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
214
Graphology
psychological interpretation of handwriting
215
psychological interpretation of handwriting
Graphology
216
P.T. Barnum Effect
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
217
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
P.T. Barnum Effect
218
common cognitive distortions in adolescence
-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable
(adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)
219
-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable (adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)
common cognitive distortions in adolescence
220
Theories of Aging
- Physiological theories
- Wear-and-Tear theory
- Homeostatic theory
221
- Physiological theories
- Wear-and-Tear theory
- Homeostatic theory
Theories of Aging
222
Physiological theories
rely on both hereditary and environmental factors
223
rely on both hereditary and environmental factors
Physiological theories
224
Wear-and-Tear theory
assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse
225
assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse
Wear-and-Tear theory
226
Homeostatic theory
assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age
227
assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age
Homeostatic theory
228
Levinson's 4 stages/eras of life
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
229
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
Levinson's 4 stages/eras of life
230
Reversible dementias
can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people
231
can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people
Reversible dementias
232
Multiple infarct dementia
usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia
233
usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia
Multiple infarct dementia
234
Thanatology
the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying
235
the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying
Thanatology
236
Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?
Walter Cannon
237
Walter Cannon
Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?
238
Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?
Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)
239
Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)
Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?
240
4 behaviours to promote health
- Stop Smoking!
- Curb alcohol consumption
- Achieve a healthy weight
- Exercising
241
- Stop Smoking!
- Curb alcohol consumption
- Achieve a healthy weight
- Exercising
4 behaviours to promote health
242
Chronic pain
(long-lasting and ever-present)
243
(long-lasting and ever-present)
Chronic pain
244
Periodic pain
(pain that comes and goes)
245
(pain that comes and goes)
Periodic pain
246
Progressive pain
(ever-present, increases in severity over time)
247
(ever-present, increases in severity over time)
Progressive pain
248
What is PACSLAC and who developed it?
Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors
249
Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors
What is PACSLAC and who developed it?
250
PACSLAC: 4 Subscales
1. Facial expressions
2. Activity/body movements
3. Social/personality/mood
4. Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
251
1. Facial expressions
2. Activity/body movements
3. Social/personality/mood
4. Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
PACSLAC: 4 Subscales
252
Consciousness
occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment
253
occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment
Consciousness
254
preconscious
the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so
255
the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so
preconscious
256
unconscious
contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness
257
contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness
unconscious
258
Fixation
an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development
259
an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development
Fixation
260
reaction formation
people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings
261
people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings
reaction formation
262
creative power
the ability to shape our own personality
263
the ability to shape our own personality
creative power
264
Jung's beliefs
He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection
265
Shadow
dark side of our personality
266
dark side of our personality
Shadow
267
He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection
Jung's beliefs
268
Anima
a man's feminine side
269
a man's feminine side
Anima
270
Animus
A woman's masculine side
271
A woman's masculine side
Animus
272
Mandala
the ultimate simple of self
273
the ultimate simple of self
Mandala
274
Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory
each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions
275
each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions
Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory
276
Cardinal trait
a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)
277
a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)
Cardinal trait
278
Central traits
qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)
279
qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)
Central traits
280
Secondary traits
characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)
281
characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)
Secondary traits
282
Eysenck’s Factor Theory
Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)
283
Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)
Eysenck’s Factor Theory
284
Assessment
evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes
285
evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes
Assessment
286
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive
287
test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
288
Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)
developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis
289
developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis
Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)
290
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)
measures three broad factors called types:
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
291
measures three broad factors called types:
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)
292
Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)
yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors
293
yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors
Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)
294
Most widely used personality test:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
295
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
Most widely used personality test:
