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BI276: Microbes > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference in the structure of gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

A

gram negative has two pairs of rings in the basal body, gram positive has only an inner pair of rings attached to the plasma membrane.

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2
Q

how is movement in bacteria achieved?

A

through the rotation of flagellum from ht e basal body clockwise or counter clockwise

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3
Q

what is the difference between a run or a tumble in flagellar movement?

A

run is one directional and a tumble is an abrupt change in direction

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4
Q

what are the 4 main types of bacterial movement and describe each?

A

1) taxis: toward or away from a stimulus
2) chemotaxis: toward or away from a chemical
3) phototaxis: toward or away from light
4) magneto taxis: toward or away from a magnetic feild

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5
Q

what is bacterial movement based on?

A

chemotactic signal

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6
Q

what are the two chemotactic signals?

A

positive(attractant), negative (reppellant)

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7
Q

are structures external to the cell wall on gram negative or positive bacteria?

A

-

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8
Q

what is the difference between pilli and fimbriae?

A

both external structures:
pilli-> longer, one or two per cell, role where two bacterial cells are joined for transfer of dna from one cell to another
finbriae-> few or several hundred, adherence to other cells

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9
Q

what is the difference between micro and macronutrients?

A

micro are needed in trace elements, macro are C,N,P

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10
Q

What are growth facotrs?

A

vitamins

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11
Q

what are the two classes of culture media and what is the difference?

A

chemically defined: the exact chemical composition is known

undefined or complex: uses digests of animal or plant products, composition not known

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12
Q

what is a selective medium?

A

has compounds that selectively inhibit the growth of some microorganisms but not others

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13
Q

what is a differential medium?

A

contains and indicator that distinguishes between chemical reactions

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14
Q

how many organisms does a pre culture contain?

A

one

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15
Q

what is an amphibolic pathway?

A

uses both catabolism and and anabolism

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16
Q

what does it mean by microbial metabolism being differentiating?

A

the chemical composition is always changing

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17
Q

what is free energy

A

energy released available to do work

18
Q

what is the reaction rate?

A

frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to create a reaction

19
Q

what is the enzyme substrate complex?

A

temporary binding of enzyme and reactants, lowers activation energy

20
Q

what are 4 conditions in which enzyme activity can be affected?

A

1) ph
2) temp
3) [ ] of substrate
4) inhibitors

21
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

prevents cell from wasting chemical resources, the end product can inhibit one enzyme earlier in the pathway

22
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

oxidation reaction where H are lost

23
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

addition of P

24
Q

what is SLP?

A

ATP by high energy phosphate transfer from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP

25
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electrons are transferred to electron carriers to oxidized molecules

26
Q

where does oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

plasma membrane of prokaryotes

27
Q

where does photophosphorylation occur and what is it?

A

photosynthetic cells, light energy converted to atp and nadph

28
Q

what is carbohydrate catabolism?

A

breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy

29
Q

what processes are involved in glucose catabolism?

A

cellular resp, and fermentation

30
Q

in what 3 systems in glucose used?

A

glycolysis, krebs and etc

31
Q

what are the two alternatives to glycolysis?

A

pentose phosphate pathway and the enter doudoroff pathway

32
Q

what leads to plasmolysis?

A

intolerant bacteria suffer loss of H2O internally to external environment

33
Q

what is an obligate aerobe?

A

requires O

34
Q

what is a facultative anaerobe?

A

can or cannot use O

35
Q

what are 4 toxic forms of Oxygen?

A

singlet oxygen, superoxide free radicals, peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical

36
Q

what are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

cannot use oxygen for growth, but can live in it

37
Q

what are micronucleophiles?

A

grow at low oxygen tension but don’t require for growth

38
Q

what are 3 enzymes that destruct toxic oxygen?

A

catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase

39
Q

what is nitrogen useful for?

A

formation of amino acids

40
Q

what is Sulfur usefor for?

A

used in amino acids and vitamins

41
Q

what is phsphate essential for?

A

nucleic acid synthesis, phospholipid membrane structure

BI276: Microbes (4 decks)

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