Midterm 2

Question 1

Seven groups in Brassica oleracea

Answer 1

Cabbage Kale
Cauliflower Kohl rabi
Broccoli Collards
Brussels sprouts

Question 2

Brassica oleracea

Answer 2

Cool season vegetables ; grows best under cool (15 – 20°C) days with medium / good moisture
Growing season ranges from 30 days to 150 + days
Many must be started as transplants, 6-8 weeks before transplanting to garden ; many are direct seeded
Some of the most dependable veggies grown ; very popular

Question 3

Brussels sprouts

Answer 3

long season crop ; harvest late October after numerous frosts ; less bitter / more flavor with cooltemps ; grow best under cool temps
sprouts = tiny cabbage heads, found in axils of leaves
if cut off cabbage head you will get small heads forming from below where you cut – basically same thing as Brussels

Question 4

Cabbage

Answer 4

very popular, reliable, annual vegetable ; good yield 
various shapes (round - flattened – oval - cylindrical) ; green – purple ;  small – large ; smooth – crinkled leaves 
early, mid (main) and late (storage) maturing varieties ; early =  shorter growing season ; mid = longer ; late = longest ; 
early = smallest head ; mid = larger ; late = very large
early = fresh eat ; late = storage
to space out harvesting, grow some of each OR grow all medium / early but start at different dates ; early tend not to store well

Question 5

Cauliflower

Answer 5

popular, annual vegetable ; a bit more difficult to grow than most other brassicas
early and mid maturing varieties
seldom successful if direct seed ; best started early and transplanted ; caution with transplanting to garden
Cauliflower - most commonly white ; other colours available
Broccoflower = green coloured cauliflower
orange – has much higher crotene content ; body converts to Vit Aa
treat like cabbages ; be a bit more gentle

Question 6

Broccoli

Answer 6

hardy, reliable, annual veggie
early, mid, late maturing cultivars
grown for green / blue-green / red head
treat like cabbages

Question 7

Seedlings 1

Answer 7

Cauliflower ; best to start as transplant 4 – 6 weeks early ; can direct seed early cultivars
Broccoli ; best to start as transplant 4 – 6 weeks early ; can direct seed early cultivars
Brussels - best to start indoors 6 – 8 weeks before transplanting
seeds germinate fairly quickly – 1 week

Question 8

Seedlings 2

Answer 8

Cabbages - if growing late / medium season, best to start indoors 4 - 6 weeks before transplanting to field
early season cabbages can be started indoors (4 weeks) or can be direct seeded
cabbages ; direct seed – only direct seed early cultivars ; seeds same size as canola
seed 1 cm below ground ; thin excess seedlings when 5 cm tall ; can transplant to other area of garden

to space out harvesting, grow some of each OR grow all medium / early cabbages but start at different dates

Question 9

Transplanting Brassica olacerae

Answer 9

all can be transplanted to field mid to late May ; soil temp 10°C ; cauliflower 12-15C
protection from freezing temps in spring is necessary ; respond well to black plastic mulch (retains moisture) and floating row cover
Cauliflower - will ‘button’ if transplants are stressed ; more sensitive than cabbages ; respond well to floating row cover and black plastic mulch
Broccoli – may button like cauliflower ; treat like cauliflower ; not as sensitive as cauliflower

Question 10

Agronomics of Brassica Olacerae

Answer 10

average fertility ; not excessive N or risk head splitting (cabbages), delayed maturity (the rest)
average to good moisture (at least 1 inch / week)
will tolerate most soils (prefer loams) ; like a lot of organic matter (moisture retention)(cool season) ; will tolerate clays ; sands tend to dry too quickly ; sandy loam ideal
full sun

Question 11

specific treatments for Brassica oleraceae

Answer 11

Brussels - some gardeners remove the leaves on the bottom 30 cm of stem to encourage development of sprouts – remove a few leaves at a time, starting at the bottom ; ???
indeterminate growth habit ; late Aug / early September, can ‘top’ plants (remove growing tip) asthis will encourage existing sprouts to mature
probably least reliable of all brassicas

Question 12

special treatments for Brassica oleracea

Answer 12

Cauliflower - need to keep the plant actively growing ; if growth is stopped, it will ‘button’ rather than form a head ; transplanting into cold soil (want 12-15C +) ; excessively cold after transplanting - excessively hot will often induce button ; alternating wet-dry conditions will do same thing
encourage wrapper leaves to fold over developing head (or physically wrap leaves over head and tie) ; protects head from sun, retains colour

Question 13

Brassica pests

Answer 13

protection from insects essential ; flea beetles in early spring ; cutworms in spring ; imported cabbage worm in early - mid summer ; root maggots mid spring / early summer
imported cabbage worm (white butterfly) – MUST protect from this pest or get a head full of worms
root maggots rapidly becoming a major problem ; same pest as found on canola – MUST (?) protect ; most common on all brassicas (least common on kale & collards)

Question 14

brussels harvest

Answer 14

Brussels – cut plant at ground level when sprouts are firm, dark green ; only get 2.5 - 3 cm diameter
cut sprouts off stem and refrigerate ASAP ; low temp (0°C) and high humidity are ideal
best to eat within a few days
only get one or two pounds / plant (maximum) (low yield / space)
can freeze ; most commonly steamed and served with a dollop of butter, S&P ; have a ‘cabbage’ taste
not a reliable crop here ; requires long growing season ; excess nitrogen results in lots of leaves and lack of sprouts and delayed harvest

Question 15

cabbage harvest

Answer 15

harvest when heads are full size (varies with cultivar) and firm ; if head is mature and get high moisture (heavy rain) they may split open
to harvest cut the stem below the head, remove a few wrapper leaves, store at 0°C and high humidity (95% +) ; can store a couple of months + ; can put in paper bag
can do a million things with a cabbage ; lots of uses

Question 16

Cauliflower harvest

Answer 16

Cauliflower - when mature size (varies with cultivar) and firm, cut head off stem ; remove some of the outer wrapper leaves ; do not wash ; store like cabbage ; one head per plant
if yellowing and developing a ricey look, then is over mature ; head should be compact – don’t see individual florets
raw, steamed, soup, casseroles, curried, ……

Question 17

broccoli harvest

Answer 17

Broccoli - harvest when heads are mature size (varies with cultivar), dark green, tight – before individual florets are seen ; yellowing and loosening of heads means is over ripe
cut immediately below the main head ; side heads will form from leaf axils ; side heads can be harvested over the next few weeks – smaller but taste the same
store like cabbage / cauliflower
eat raw, steamed, soups, casserole, baked,

Question 18

Chinese cabbage deets

Answer 18

mi-CHE-he-lee
shorter growing season ; can direct seed ; succession seed
loose heads
will bolt if growth is stopped due to improper growing conditions ; need good moisture ; cool season crop
Nappa = smaller, will store for up to a month
Michihli = taller, much shorter storage
Chinese stir-fry, Korean kimchee, Japanese soups / sukiyaki, raw in salads / slaws

Question 19

kohl rabi 1

Answer 19

harvest when ‘stem’ / ‘bulb’ is 5 – 7.5 cm in diameter ; woody and stronger flavour if over mature
tastes like cabbage heart ; remove leaves, peel outer rind, eat inside ; raw or steamed ; coleslaw (with apple)
yield 1 pound / foot of row (variety dependent)
over mature can split open

Question 20

kohl rabi 2

Answer 20

direct seed ; mid to late May ; soil 5C +
fast growing, cool season crop
average fertilizer (not excess) ; 1 – 1.5 inches water/week
too hot &/or too dry and bulbs will not form
succession seed every two weeks till July ; 45 – 60 days maturity
double / triple rows, 15 cm between row ; 4 inches within
prefer loam soil ; will tolerate all soils
store like others Brassica ; cold and humid ; can store for up to 3 months ; remove leaves and store bulb
sse fresh in salads, raw / sticks, steamed, casseroles, slaw, stir fried, soups, ….

Question 21

Radishes

Answer 21

Rhaphanus sativus
most cultivars are rapidly growing, cool season, root veggie
specific cultivars for edible radish pods ; some for radish seed (sprouts) ; some as storage radish (black)
most cultivars grown for fresh eating in salads
direct seeded ; harvested within 45 days (spring/summer) ; succession planting in short rows will ensure higher quality over a longer time period
soil 5°C + ; protect from spring frosts
autumn seed for late autumn crop ; too hot in summer

Question 22

Radishes 2

Answer 22

full sun ; tolerate most soils ; prefer sandy clay loam ; will grow in clays but need higher OM content to loosen the soil to allow for expansion of root
uniform and good moisture ; if stressed, roots will be hotter in taste
soil low to medium N ; excess N will encourage foliage at the expense of the root
wide row seed ; 30 cm between rows ; spring/summer - only seed 1 meter (?) at a time ; seed every two weeks until mid June ; again in mid Aug ; seed 8 – 12 mm deep ; thin to 2.5 cm between plants

Question 23

Radishes 3

Answer 23

get pithy / hollow once over-mature ; better to harvest when young than wait till over-mature ; harvest when mature size
Daikon require deeply tilled soil ; root up to 30 cm long ; if can’t grow into ground then will grow out of ground and turn green – undesirable for sales
spring / summer radishes store 0°C and high humidity ; store for only a week + ; winter radish will store for a month +
problems ; flea beetles, root maggots
most are consumed raw in salads ; piquant peppery taste ; hotter if stressed during growth

Question 24

Radish 4

Answer 24

Spring / summer cultivars ; many cultivars ; small, round – oblong – elongated (like parsnip) ; short growing season / 45 days ; variety of colours (purple / red / red & white / white)

Winter cultivars ; 
Spanish Black (white flesh) ; round, 10 cm diameter root 
Daikon ; elongated white root ; 4 cm diameter ; 24 cm length

Seed pod cultivars ; eat fleshy seed pods ; can save seed for radish sprouts

Question 25

Characteristics of Brassicas

Answer 25

``` many cruciferous (Brassica) plants have a higher concentration of glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds ; this compound give them their pungent aromas and spicy taste chopping or chewing cruciferous vegetables releases myrosinase, an enzyme that breaks down glucosinolates into biologically active compounds including isothiocyanates (mustard oil) strong piquant taste = agreeably pungent or sharp in taste or flavor; pleasantly biting or tart ; spicy ; peppery ; zesty ```

Question 26

characteristics of brassicas 2

Answer 26

National Cancer Institute, recommend the consumption of 5-9 servings (2 ½ - 4 ½ cups) of fruits and vegetables daily the results of some epidemiologic studies suggest that adults should aim for at least 5 servings (2 1/2 cups) per week of cruciferous vegetables Most Brassica have a higher sulfur content = flatulence

Question 27

Amoracia rustican

Answer 27

Horseradish perennial, hardy, can be weedy eat tap root intact root has little aroma ; when ground / grated enzymes react to release a very strong pungent oil (mustard oil) opens air passages sold commercially ; grated, creamed, medicinal

Question 28

Horseradish

Answer 28

must confine growth or risk being invasive - barrels, containers, raised beds ..… tolerates all soils ; prefers sandy loams plant a‘root / crown’ in the spring when soil is 7°C + ; harvest mature root in late autumn or in autumn of second year roots will grow 30 cm + deep in the soil ; long tap root a few plants will suffice for a family ; within row - if you must, then 30 cm ; between row spacing - seriously??? average fertility ; average moisture ; droughted plants reportedly have higher concentrations of glucosinolates

Question 29

horseradish 2

Answer 29

pests - few, flea beetles, imported cabbage worm harvest by digging as many roots as possible ; consume larger tap roots, save pencil thin roots to give away ; chances are likely you did not get all the roots and more plants will grow next spring store roots cold (fridge) enclosed in paper bag ; will store for a few months ; 0°C ; 95% RH peel before grating

Question 30

turnip

Answer 30

summer turnip ; flatter in shape ; flesh is usually white purple top white bottom or totally white different than rutabaga cool season ; direct seed eat root ; can eat leaves (turnip greens)(dal) seed to harvest about 45 days 1 – 1.5 pound / foot of row between row 30 - 45 cm apart ; seeds 7 - 14 mm deep ; within row = 10 cm ; soil 10°C ; wide row / scatter row seeding can succession seed every 2 weeks till late June protect from flea beetles ; thin to 10 cm between plants susceptible to root maggots harvest July /Aug + when roots are 5 - 10 cm diameter eaten raw has slight pungent taste, or cooked ; turnip fries ; may sweeten with cool autumn temps / frosts short term storage ; 2 weeks max

Question 31

Rutabaga

Answer 31

Brassica napus ; Swede, Swede turnip, winter turnip hybrid = cabbage x turnip firm, yellow flesh – quite different tasting than summer turnip yellow skin, purple top ; oval, pointed at base ; begin to harvest at 7.5 cm diameter, 15 cm length cool season ; direct seed; one seeding in May - not succession seeded thin to 10-15 cm between plants ; between row 30 - 45 cm apart ; seeds 7 - 14 mm deep ; within row = 10 - 15 cm seed to harvest about 90 days + yield = 1.5 – 2 pounds / foot of row flavour enhanced with cool temps ; frosts ; late autumn harvested (begin harvesting Sept) can harvest earlier but should store cold to sweeten store 0°C & high humidity ; will store for several months if preventfrom drying out (store in high humidity and cold) roots can grow to a very large size under ideal growing conditions

Question 32

MAGGOT CONTROL

Answer 32

Floating row cover (FRC) & rotation FRC – lightweight gauze that floats / sits on top of crop Seed crop ; roll the FRC over the seeded area ; adult fly emerges ; can’t get to crop to lay eggs (covered by FRC) ; fly eventually dies MUST be used in combination with rotation ; do not plant same / similar crop in same spot year after year Can leave on for most of summer

Question 33

Kale

Answer 33

Scotch kale – curly leaved kale cool season veggie ; grows best in cool soil ; high OM ; average to good moisture ; average fertility full sun direct seed or start as transplant 4 weeks early ; harden off direct seed – seed shallow, canola like seed ; thin excess seedlings when 5 cm tall ; can transplant to other area of garden transplants to garden when soil 10°C tolerate a variety of soils ; prefer clay loam soils / soils high in organic matter (moisture) can stagger rows / double rows ; 30 cm between plants ; between row 45 cm (don’t want excess soil showing – heats up)

Question 34

kale harvest

Answer 34

start harvesting at bottom of plant ; remove leaves at stem ; begin early July ; continue harvesting late into autumn ; indeterminate growth ; tolerate lotsof frosts ; does not form head protect from flea beetles (if direct seed) ; cut worms, imported cabbage worm

Question 35

kale 2

Answer 35

store 0°C, high humidity, store 3 weeks, paper bag raw ; steamed ; salads ; fried ; soups ; curried, smoothies casseroles, …. Kale chips can freeze to store – looses texture quite productive ; 15-20 plants ½ - 1 pound / foot of row -HIGH IN BETA CAROTENE, VITAMIN K

Question 36

Collards

Answer 36

growth habit like kale but leaves look like cabbage ; often called ‘non-heading cabbage’ See kale ; grow like kale ; indeterminate growth use like kale store leaves 0°C, high humidity ; will store a couple of weeks +

Question 37

Mustard

Answer 37

Brassica juncea Same crop as Oriental Mustard but a different cultivar most commonly called mustard greens / leaf mustard ; eat edible leaf ; southern USA cool season veggie ; see collards / kale (grow like these crops) direct seed / can transplant 4 weeks early ; thin – transplant harvest from bottom to top ; remove entire leaf ; start harvesting July ; older leaves stronger flavour will bolt to flower in autumn

Question 38

Mustard leaves

Answer 38

basal leaves different shape than upper leaves ; basal often have purplish colouration

Question 39

Onions

Answer 39

member of the lily family ; bulb - truncate bulb why do you cry when you chop onions? Chopping releases an enzyme which reacts with the high concentration of volatile sulfur compounds ; onion smell ; cutting releases enzymes ; reaction ; sulfur released ; sulfur + water = sulfuric acid

Question 40

Allium

Answer 40

includes onions, garlic, leeks, chives, garlic chives, shallots, pearl onions, … ; several species annuals and perennials ; edible and ornamental bulbs quite variable in size, colour, shape ; red, yellow, white colour ; mostly round to flattened ; some non-bulbing big variation in taste

Question 41

Allium 2

Answer 41

Green onion = Scallion = A. cepa ; cultivars that are harvested young before they develop a bulb ; also non-bulbing cultivars Sweet Spanish = A. cepa Multiplier onion – a type of shallot ; can be eaten young as green onion or left till bulb develops and eat as small bulb Ornamental onions – several species Have both hollow and flat leaves within genus

Question 42

Welsh onion

Answer 42

not from Wales ; native to Siberia ; very common Asia hardy for this area ; produce a clump of onions which divide asexually via offshoots ; patch gets larger every year ; can dig patch every few years, eat some and replant the rest will also produce sexually via seed collect seed ; plant in late fall or very early spring ; seed into row and eat the young plants in the autumn ; OR eat the young plants early the following spring (as a green onion) non-bulbing onion

Question 43

Egyptian onion

Answer 43

Walking onion, tree onion, perennial onions, … will form a cluster ; non-bulbing onion ; seldom produces viable flowers (sexual) ; propagated asexually via bulbils (bulblets) ; small bulbs produced at top of ‘flower stalk’ expand asexually via offshoots ; patch gets larger every year bulbils will form small shoots and roots ; number of bulbils per stalk varies considerably – genetically determined, environmentally modified plant bulbils in late autumn, cover to overwinter ; want roots to begin growing in autumn ; consume the young onion plants the following summer / autumn ; eat like a ‘green onion’

Question 44

Allium agronomics 1

Answer 44

full sun ; will tolerate clay soils ; prefer sandy clay loam with good organic matter content ; organic matter especially important if starting from seed ; seedlings are very weak ; soil crusting prevents emergence bulbs will push out of ground – ok ; roots are below ground ; do not cover bulbs with soil – especially neck try to avoid un-decomposed manure / OM – organisms that breakdown OM can also damage seedlings not drought tolerant, shallow rooted so must water fairly often ; water more important when bulbs expanding

Question 45

Allium agronomics 2

Answer 45

avoid water logged soils ; well drained soils important pH 6.5 – 6.8 ideal average to good fertility (limited root system) cool season crop ; can seed into cool soils (5C +) ; prefer cool springs and hot autumns ; cool spring encourages root development can fall seed ; cold enough that seeds will not germinate ; get head start in the spring, even though soil temp cold, will start germination process ; can fall plant sets – cover to protect ; mark the rows

Question 46

planting onion

Answer 46

cheapest to start from seed ; can also start from small bulbs planted in the garden (multiplier or set) seed viability very short - 1 year very weak seedlings – weeds can be problem ; sets more competitive seedlings slow to emerge outside (2-3 weeks) ; mark rows to remember where they are ; small seedlings keep soil evenly moist during germination seeds 5-10 mm deep, double or triple or scatter-row ; rows 15 cm apart ; 30 - 45 cm between multiple rows sets should be planted 2.5 – 3 cm deep ; 5 – 7.5 cm between sets (depends on cultivar) commonly started indoors 6 - 8 weeks before planting in garden ; commercially are grown from seed do NOT cut seedlings down before transplant to garden

Question 47

more onion

Answer 47

initiation of bulb depends on day length (photoperiod) and temp long-day plants (15-16 hours of day length will initiate bulbing) ; want large plant before bulbing initiates ; the more leaf surface the larger the bulb * not all cultivars will perform well here ; some types have shorter daylength initiation long season crop if grown from seed – 100 + days – harvest late in autumn water often as root system is shallow ; especially important when bulb forming don’t hill / cover bulbs with soil ; allow bulb to push out of ground a dry autumn season is desirable ; allows bulb to go dormant - leaves brown, neck of bulb dries (naturally) wet autumn keeps plants vegetative and growing harvest after necks dry ; do not stomp on onions to break necks - open wound that is susceptible to fungal pathogens ‘thick necks’ are immature and will not store – eat soon / leave in ground as long as you can thick necks caused by: late maturing variety (insufficient number of long days), excess N (fertility), excess moisture

Question 48

drying onion

Answer 48

can pull plants out of ground and lay on soil surface to dry ; can braid and hang in garage if possible allow to dry in the garden ; bulbs should have no soil on them and be dry when go to storage if needed, put in room with warm temps and good air circulation to thoroughly dry the outside of bulb and neck (curing) then put into cold storage

Question 49

onion flowers

Answer 49

technically is a biennial ; may send out flower stalk ; may set seed ; cold temps can stimulate bolting – especially in late spring / early summer ; more matureplants will bolt fasterthan immature plants if bolts then unlikely todevelop a bulb ; do not want flowerformation ; cultivar specific

Question 50

onion storage

Answer 50

store cool and dry ; 2-5°C (up to 10)°C and medium humidity (60-75%) ; will store for several months ; drier is more important than temperature ; store wet and risk fungal diseases check often to remove diseased bulbs / sprouting bulbs ….. sweet onions do not store as long as cooking onions green onions have the shortest storage time – 2 weeks yield very variable – depends on cultivar Tip of the day – plant lots of onions, b/c you can never have too many!

Question 51

what is a multiplier onion?

Answer 51

group of onions held together in a bulb ; will form bulbs in summer, or harvest early as ‘green onion’ before bulbs form

Question 52

shallots

Answer 52

Shallots are reddish in colour, mild flavour and only two bulbs per cluster ; multipliers are often yellow and have two-three bulbs per cluster ; shallots longer and pointed at top

Question 53

garlic

Answer 53

Allium sativum “you can never have too much garlic” treat like onion from sets ; not grown from seed produces bulbils (aerial) and compound bulb – asexual propagation easy to grow

Question 54

planting garlic

Answer 54

can autumn plant or spring plant ; mid / late October or early in spring ; autumn planting recommended, 6 weeks prior to freeze up ; mulching will help protect cloves ; want the roots to establish in the autumn but leaves should not emerge if plant in spring, store bulbs in cold storage over winter break compound bulb into individual “cloves” and plant these keep skin on clove ; best to plant bottom down and top up well drained soils essential plant cloves 2.5 – 5 cm deep ; same spacing as onions ; double or triple row

Question 55

garlic 2

Answer 55

buy from garden centre / farmers market (locally produced) can buy from food market ; cultivars from California should mature in our conditions ; day length sensitive ; might produce single solid bulb Chinese and Mexican cultivars may not produce multiple bulb hard neck and soft neck types hard neck send up a scape (hard stalk) with bulbils at the top ; soft necks do not cut off scape when it forms to force energy into production of bulb rather than bulbils ; scapes are eaten when young (garlic greens) if leave scapes, they will form bulbils which can be planted ; at expense of size of cloves

Question 56

garlic types

Answer 56

both grow here ; hardneck are hardier hardnecks tend to have fewer but larger cloves than softnecks softneck is most common on supermarket shelves ; white wrappers ; tends to store a lot longer than hardneck ; lots of smaller cloves various cultivars within both kinds large variation in size and pungency of cultivars Elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum) - not a true garlic ; small number of very large cloves ; more mild

Question 57

garlic season extension

Answer 57

if growing conditions are not optimal, will probably form a single solid head ; can leave in ground and will probably form a compound head the following year harvest in autumn when most of the leaves have yellowed / died dig like onion ; don’t remove leaves, tie in bundles in warm area (not in direct sun) and with good air circulation ; leave till dry store at 2-5°C (up to 10°C) and medium humidity (60-75%) ; will store for several months ; drier is more important than temperature ; store wet and risk fungal diseases replant some in the autumn

Question 58

leek

Answer 58

not as easy to grow as other onions mild tasting onion ; look somewhat like a green onion on steroids treat much like onions start indoors 8 - 10 weeks early ; long season crop 140 days + ; photoperiodic to garden soil temp 10°C + transplanting options: can dig trench 15 cm deep ; plant seedlings in bottom of trench, (hang roots down) slowly fill in with soil as plants grow ; results in blanched bottom / white base which is more desirable plant like onion seedlings and not get as much “white” part to eat ; can wrap stems with paper towel rolls / etc

Question 59

leek 2

Answer 59

prefer sandy loam soil ; will tolerate clay ; fairly strong rooting plant (produce a good root system) ample water is important 10 cm between plants ; double row ; each row 10 cm apart ; double rows 30 - 45 cm apart week seedlings ; even after transplanting to garden ; do not like any type of competition or temp fluctuations or water fluctuations or …. harvest when mature size – stems 2.5 - 4 cm diameter storage – short, not much more than 2 weeks ; 0°C 90% RH

Question 60

chives

Answer 60

hollow leaves flowers can be used in floral arrangements ; attract bees to garden eat leaves will set seed ; can collect seed to start new patch ; will also produce offshoots to expand the patch ; one patch is often large enough for a family a cultivar of ornamental onion that is very garlic tasting

Question 61

garlic chives

Answer 61

Garlic chives very similar to chives ; Allium tuberosum ; MAY not be fully hardy for area ; need good winter protection form clumps of plants ; not nearly as prolific as other chives solid leaves – not hollow ; taste like garlic white flowers (not purple like chives) ; bulb or condensed rhizome

Question 62

legumes-peas

Answer 62

Pisum is one genus in the Fabaceae family ; very large family ; very important family ; legumes conflicting taxonomic interpretation Pisum sativum ; eat fresh three kinds of peas within this species: shelling / garden / English peas, (eat shelled seeds) edible pod / snow peas (eat thin mature pod with tiny seeds) sugar snap peas (eat thickened pod and seeds) shelling peas the most common type of garden pea Pisum sativum - field peas ; dry pea (green / yellow) (whole or split peas)

Question 63

planting peas

Answer 63

treated or untreated seed ; fungicide applied to the seed ; protects seedlings as they emerge ; high sugar content in seed ; if use untreated then should plant into warmer soil to encourage fast emergence of seedling are both climbing / vine peas (indeterminate growth habit), bush peas (determinate growth habit) easy to grow full sun ; average fertility ; good moisture ; 1 inch/week ; especially important during / after flowering ; drought = reduced yields will tolerate most soils ; prefer loam soils with good organic matter content and good moisture (especially when pods are forming) is a legume, therefore fixes nitrogen ; may benefit from an inoculum incorporation ;may have inoculum onseed when purchased

Question 64

peas 2

Answer 64

direct seed ; plant when soil 5°C + ; if too cold seed will rot no need to soak peas before seeding ; seed into moist soil soak seed then plant into dry soil = poor germination single row ; 5 - 7.5 cm within row ; 30 cm between rows ; can double row with 15 cm between double row ; plants can climb and support each other ; seeds 2.5 cm deep can succession seed (every 2 weeks) until mid June ; very susceptible for powdery mildew which is at max in early-mid Aug ; mature 55 - 70 days ; mildew resistant cultivars all cultivars can benefit from a trellis ; some really need trellis ; keeps plants growing up and thus increases air circulation ; decreases diseases ; can climb up to 1.5 m + tall all cultivars have tendrils that allow plant to climb white flowers ; newer cultivars may be hybridswith other colourflowers will stop producing flowers during high temps – especially if droughted

Question 65

pea harvest

Answer 65

harvest peas about 3 weeks after flowering pick pods in the morning ; cooler ; less field heat shelling peas - harvest when pods are filled, but not over-ripe ; less sweet / more mealy / starchy when over-ripe shell peas ASAP after picking ; if must wait then store at 0°C and high humidity (90-95%) ; sugars converted to starch after picking - especially under high temperatures shell peas and immediately put ice cold water to remove field heat and wash off excess sugars

Question 66

garden pea

Answer 66

number of peas / pod - genetically determined & environmentally modified cultivar dependent varies from 6 – 12 peas / pod pods 8 – 8 cm long size, colour of peas is cultivar dependent larger sieve size = larger peas

Question 67

eating peas

Answer 67

Sugar Snap Pea - harvest when pods are mature ; consume entire pod with mature seeds inside ; fleshy pods that will snap when bent ;awesome tasting can sometimes shell these but best to eat pod kids love these ; very sweet ; crunchy and moist red pea pods available Edible Pod / Snow peas - harvest when pods are mature size ; consume pods(not fleshy) with immature seeds ; yellow podded available -many cultivars double podded

Question 68

pea disease

Answer 68

water in morning so foliage is dry going into the evening ; water at soil level and don’t get foliage wet ; foliar diseases are common powder mildew emerges early Aug (or earlier) ; greatly reduces yield ; white dusty covering on leaves / stem / pods ; many cultivars are resistant to mildew (not resistant to all strains of the fungus)

Question 69

growing peas

Answer 69

semi-leafless have lots of tendrils ; ‘afila’ type = semi-leafless ; self supporting (will grow upright without a trellis) ; best to double row and allow plants to crawl up each other – support each other while they grow up

Question 70

Phaseolus vulgaris

Answer 70

common garden bean / snap bean ; wax bean = yellow snap beans ; Romano / Italian bean ; French filet (a type of bush bean that produces thin, tender pods) easy to grow warm season crop - grow best in warm conditions ; direct seed to garden when soil is 15°C + ; planting into cold soil will greatly increase the incidence of seed rot ; very sensitive to frost consume either immature pod, can also eat fresh or dry seeds from mature pod garden cultivars are mostly snap beans - immature pods - edible pod with immature seed ; yellow / green / purple

Question 71

bush and pole beans

Answer 71

bush beans = determinate (30 cm tall)pole beans = indeterminate growth (vines) (3 m tall) pole = must be staked full sun ; average fertility ; average moisture (higher when pods are forming) ; tolerates most soils ; prefers high organic matter content direct seed ; seeds 2.5 cm deep ; single row ; 10 cm within row ; rows 30 cm apart good air circulation is important to reduce fungal problems – white mold (sclerotinia)

Question 72

seeding beans

Answer 72

mostly mature 50 - 60 days ; can succession seed harvest when pods mature size - before seeds have greatly expanded ; better to harvest early than late when seeds are large ; pods should snap when bent harvest often to encourage further flowering

Question 73

runner bean

Answer 73

Scarlet runner bean - several types of runner beans other than scarlet runner vine, ornamental and edible ; must be staked ; annual showy red flowers ; large flat edible pods ;best eaten before get too old can get tough fairly fast can harvest dry bean if toomature must be grown on trellis ; 2 m + ; cool season ; direct seed to garden when soil is 10°C + ; may rot if soil too cold and germination slow single row of trellis to north side of garden so as to not shade the rest of the garden harvest beans often to encourage further flowering favourite of humming birds

Question 74

broad beans planting

Answer 74

start indoors 4 week early. need hot weather to plant fairly large plants direct seed ; seeded 2.5 cm below soil surface ; within row spacing 10 – 15 cm ; between row spacing 45 cm indeterminate growth habit ; can cut top off plants in late Aug / early September, forcing all growth into development of existing pods harvest pods when beans are large and firm reliable yield?? ; prone to several fungal diseases fava bean a type of broad bean which has smaller beans HIGH IN POTASSIUM