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BIOL 359 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

plesiomorphy

A

refers to the ancestral character state

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2
Q

apomorphy

A

a character state different than the ancestral state, a derived state

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3
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to common ancestry

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4
Q

autopomorphy

A

a uniquely derived character state

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5
Q

monophyletic

A

a group that contains all of the descendants of a common ancestor - clades

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6
Q

paraphyletic

A

a group that contains some but not all of the decedents of a common ancestor
reptiles are a paraphyletic group b/c birds also share a common ancestor but are not included in the group

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7
Q

polyphyletic

A

assemblage of taxa that have been erroneously grouped on the basis of homoplaious

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8
Q

homology

A

a character state that is shared b/w DNA sequences or taxa may be so b/c they share a common ancestor

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9
Q

homoplasy

A

a shared character state shared but evolved independently

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10
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution from different ancestral state

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11
Q

parallel evolution

A

independent evolution from the same ancestral state

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12
Q

analogy

A

non homology, fins of sharks and whales are homoplasy due to reversal, whales reverted back to the ancestral state in water after evolving as mammals on land

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13
Q

principle of parasyimony

A

simple explanations are preferred over complicated ones

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14
Q

coevolution

A

the process where evolutionary changes in one species drive changes in the traits of another species. can involve predator and prey, parasite and host,

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15
Q

adaption

A

a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in comparison to an individual without said trait - arises from natural selection maybe effected by genetic drift and migration

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16
Q

trade-off

A

a compromise b/w one trait and another that cannot be avoided

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17
Q

constraint

A

a factor that tends to retard the rate of adaptive evolution or prevent a population from optimizing a trait

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18
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

identical genotypes can have different phenotypes in different environments

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19
Q

obligate parthenogenesis

A

entire species consists only of females that reproduce by creating identical clones of themselves

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20
Q

cyclic parthenogenesis

A

females reproduce by cloning for most of the year, environmental cue triggers production of males, leading sexual reproduction. then parthenogenesis will continueq

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21
Q

gynogenesis

A

heterospacific sperm from a similar sexual species activates the egg by being in close proximity
sperm doesnt fuse with the ovum,

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22
Q

hybirdogenesis

A

The ovum is haploid and the heterospacific sperm from a related species is incorporated into it to form a diploid zygote. the paternally contribution is then lost premitoticly producing haploid ova that contain only the maternal genes.

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23
Q

hermaphrodites

A

organisms have both male and female gonads and are capable of self-fertilization.
still a form of sexual reproduction b/c gametes are still formed by meiosis but results in less genetic diversity than outcrossing

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24
Q

why does sex exist

A

a females reproductive mode does not:
affect the number of offspring she can have
affect the probability that her off spring will survive

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25
what does sex boil down to?
mating b/w different individuals resulting in new combinations of genes in the off spring recombination and crossing over in gametogenesis
26
linkage disequilibrium
linked genes are located close to one another on the chromosome and are inherited as a single unit. genotype at two different linked loci will not be randomly associated with one another. recombination during meiosis breaks up linked genes and breaks down linkage disequilibrium
27
the genetic load
over time asexual organisms accumulate deleterious mutation, resulting in lower fitness the total number of mutations and the resulting reduction in average population fitness. this will eventually get so high that the population goes extinct
28
red queen hypothesis
an evolutionary advance by a pathogen results in the evolutionary advance of the host and visa versa - coevolution
29
sexual dimorphism
refers the the phenotypic difference b/w males and females. in many cases cannot be explained by viability selection.
30
sexual selection
differential reproductive success resulting from differing abilities to find a mate
31
parental investment
refers to the energy, time, and resources devoted to mating, gestating, and caring for offspring. typically much greater for females
32
asymmetry in reproductive potential predicts
the sex under the stronger sexual selection will be competitive the sex with the weaker sexual selection will be choosy
33
intrasexual selection
male-male combat can favour traits such as large body, armour, antlers and other offence/defence structures
34
infantacid
males will kill other males cubs to get a chance to mate with the female. this creates conflict b/w females and new males who take over the pride.
35
bruce effect
termination of pregnancy in the presence of unfamiliar males take over the group rather then invest in the doomed offspring they abort
36
way are females so choosy?
1. get better genes 2. pre-existing sensory bias 3. resistance to parasites/better health 4. to get better a better provider for resources and protection
37
consequences of asymmetric reproductive potential
the sex subjected to stronger sexual selection will be competitive (and possibly mate with multiple)while the weaker one will be choosy
38
four types of social behaviour
mutually beneficial - both gain selfish - gain for actor loss for recipient altruism - loss for actor gain for recipient spit - loss for both
39
direct vs indirect fitness
direct - an individual's direct contribution to the next generation by reproduction indirect - arises by additional reproduction of close relatives that result from the actor's actions. additional reproduction will not occur if it wasnt for the actor
40
kin selection
the selection and spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness
41
hamilton's rule
an allele for altruistic behaviour will spread if is the (benefit for the recipient) relatedness - cost to the actor > 0
42
topological/morphological species concent
type specimen - an individual that represents the whole species. specimens are considered to be of the same species if they agree morphologically to the type. but species show a continuum of variance
43
cryptic species
cannot be distinguished based on their morphological characteristics
44
biological species concept
groups of inbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. individuals with in the population resemble one another do to interbreeding and gene flow difficult to test. cannot be applied to those who are extinct asexual or hybridize freely
45
phylogenetic species concept
consists of populations or groups of populations the share a common evolutionary fate through time can be applied to living, extinct, and asexual based on evolutionary independence - can be applied without direct observation
46
allopatric speciation modle
1. physiological isolations of populations 2. divergence of isolated populations 3. reproductive isolation 4. posible secondary contact
47
what drives divergance
once allopatric isolation has occurred mutation, genetic drift, bottle necks, viability, sexual, and fecundity selection can independently act on the populations, placing them on separate evolutionary trajectory
48
sympatric speciation
when isolation and divergence occur at the same time. | key features are positive assortative mating and disruptive selection
49
resource polymorphism
individuals within a population being to specialize on different food sources.
50
premating reproductive isolation
prevents zygote from forming. | ecological, behaviour (different mating songs), mechanical
51
postmating reproductive isolation
mating can occur but offspring die, are not well adapted, or sterile zygotic/embryonic/arval mortality, hybrid inviability, sterility
52
hybridization
can occur when recently diverged species come back into contact. hybrid zones - areas where interbreeding occurs and hybrid are at a high rate
53
three major outcomes of hybridization
1. hybrid have lower fitness than the parental lineages, this results in reinforcement, character displacement, and short lived hybrid. 2. have equal fitness, lineages will interbreed and merging back into a single - introgressive hybridization 3. have higher fitness, can displace the parental species or form a new species
54
what is reinforcement and character development
reinforcement - assortative mating will result in evolution of an isolating mechanism that prevents hybridization in turn will cause character development - disruptive selection that causes differences b/w parental the two parental lineages
55
biogeography
the science devoted to recognizing spatial patterns of biodiversity. study of the distribution of organisms (species and higher taxa) in both past and present
56
dispersal vs vicariance
dispersal is the movement of organism away from their point of origin vicariance is the splitting of fauna or populations as a result of the formation of a physical barrier
57
what was the great american interchange
a major dispersal event that was due to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama creating a land bridge b/w north and south america a vicariance event due to the rising of the land bridge isolating marine species in the Pacific and Caribbean resulting in allopatric speciation forming sister taxa on opposite sides
58
why was the interchange "one sided"?
previous to this NA was in contact with the Asia. this allowed fauna that were well adapted to dispersal to migrate into NA. when the SA and NA formed contact the fauna who were well adapted for dispersal moved into SA
59
law of germinate species, Jordan's Law
the nearest related species is found in a neighbouring district separated from the first by a barrier of some sort. will always see sister taxa adjacent to one another. not considered a law today b/c dispersal by dating the barrier we can estimate the rate of evolution
60
phytogeography
the study of the geographic distribution of genetic variance. usually conducted by DNA sequencing representatives of the species over it's geographic range provides insights into the process of allopathic speciation provides evidence that different taxa have been effected by the same vicarience events in different ways
61
latitude gradient species diversity
species diversity and number of endemic species increases from poles to the equator this is due to historical factors (glaciers), ecological factors (climate), and evolutionary factors (rate of speciation/extinction)
62
Rapoport's rule
the range occupied by a species increases as you move from the equator to the poles
63
profligate
wasteful or someone with low morals
64
screed
lengthy piece of writing or speech
65
Erudite
very knowledgeable through study, showing or having great knowledge gained from study and reading
66
Barmy
nonsensical, irrational, and completely lacking good sense or reason
67
odious
hateful or extremely unpleasant, inspiring hatred, contempt, and disgust
68
bilious
nauseating/sickening exceptionally unpleasant or objectionable
69
incucate
to fix something firmly on someone's mind through frequent and forceful repetition
70
pusillanimous
very weak spirited showing lack of strength or determination
71
annus horribilis
an awful year or year of horrors
72
annus mirabilious
a remarkable year, wonderful b/c of great and spatular events
73
Vituperation
an outburst of abusive, violent, and harshly critical language
74
gregarious
very friendly, sociable, having preference for being with others
75
ebullient
cheerful, lively, highly enthusiastic
76
Perfervid
passionate and enthusiastic towards something
77
Salacious
having sexual contact, intending to arouse by means of explicit sexual contact
78
Pugnacious
Very quarrelsome or argumentative, inclined to pick argument and fights
79
Replete
full, the tank is replete with fuel
80
Gourmand
someone who really likes food and tends to eat quite abit
81
Transmogrify
the change appearance in a horrifying or grotesque way
82
Redolent
strongly smelly, having a well defined odor
83
Obsequious
one who is very eager to obey orderers
84
sycophant
a fawn flatterer, someone who obsequiously flatters a powerful person
85
Loquacious
having a tendency to talk a great deal
86
Pedantic
overly concerned with formal rules and details, nitpick

BIOL 359 (2 decks)

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