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BIS 2B > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium requirements

A

1) No mutations
2) No natural selection
3) No gene flow (no migration)
4) No genetic drift (which requires an infinitely large population size)
5) Random mating

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2
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

When any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy

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3
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation, haploid gametes

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Duplicate, all cells except sex cells, identical

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

Two stages of duplication, not identical to parent cell, only sex cells

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6
Q

Types of Dominance

A

Complete Dominace, Incomplete Dominance, Codominace

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7
Q

Complete Dominance

A

A single dominant allele produces the dominant phenotype. The homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes have the same phenotype

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8
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

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9
Q

Codominance

A

the heterozygote shows both the homozygous phenotypes

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10
Q

Recombination

A

gene crossing over

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11
Q

Linkage

A

only crossovers happening in a small region

* Recombinant chromosomes do form, but not very often!

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12
Q

Recombination Frequency - eq.

A

recombinant frequency = recombinants / total offspring

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13
Q

Linkage Mapping

A

Determining the recombination frequency for numerous genes allows mapping each genes’ location on the chromosomes

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14
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Females are less likely to exhibit sex-linked inheritance but can be carriers

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15
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When one gene affects multiple traits

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16
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

One trait is controlled by many genes

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17
Q

Environmental Influences

A

pH, food abundance, temperature, etc.

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18
Q

Epistasis

A

When multiple genes interact to determine the phenotype

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19
Q

allele frequencies

A

the proportion of a particular allele across all individuals, or in the gametes produced by those individuals

  • dominant allele
  • recessive allele
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20
Q

Genotype frequencies

A 
the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype in a population
homozygous dominant 
homozygous recessive
heterozygous
hemizygous
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21
Q

Allele frequencies equation

A

p(dominant) +q(recessive) = 1

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22
Q

Genotype frequencies equation

A

two alleles -> (p+q)^2
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p^2 ( Homozygous dominant) + 2pq (Heterozygous) + q^2 (Homozygous recessive) = 1
three alleles -> (p+q)^3

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23
Q

What is Mutation?

A

BIS 2A

  • Substitution
  • Insertion and deletions
  • Chromosomal Rearrangements
    ex. unequal crossover
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24
Q

Gene Flow (migration)

A

transfer of alleles through movement of fertile individuals of their gametes

  • immigration - into pop
  • emigration - out of pop
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25
Gene Flow vs. Migration
Sessile organisms migrate when individuals post fertilization can move before settling down
26
Inbreeding
mating between relatives with similar genotypes | ex. Charles 2 of Spain
27
Outbreeding
mating between unrelated individuals with dissimilar genotypes
28
Stabilizing selection
Individuals nearest the mean have the highest fitness. the mean stays the same, variation is reduced
29
directional selection
individuals at one extreme have the highest fitness. Mean trends toward that extreme
30
Disruptive selection
individuals at both extremes have higher fitness than the mean. Variation is increased, a bimodal pattern emerges ex. Biston betularia
31
The breeder's equation
R= h^2 S R-Evolutionary response h^2 - Heritability S - strength of selection
32
the biological species concept
a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsprings
33
The Phylogenetic species concept
A species is a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and can be distinguished from other organisms by particular traits
34
The morphological Species Concept
A species is a group of organisms that are similar in appearance
35
what is a prezygotic barriers
prevent mating or prevent fertilization if mating occurs
36
what is a postzygotic barriers
prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
37
types of prezygotic barriers
- habitat Isolation - temporal isolation - behavioral isolation - mechanical isolation - gametic isolation
38
types of postzygotic barriers
- Reduced Hybrid Viability - Reduced Hybrid Fertility - Hybrid breakdown
39
microevolution
changes in allele frequencies across generations - small-scale changes - short time frames (human time scales)
40
macroevolution
accumulation of many microevolutionary changes, such that a new group arises - large-scale changes - long time frames
41
phylogenetic trees
a graphical depiction of the history of relationships among a group of organisms speciation- creates branches, new lineages extinction- removes branches, loss of lineages
42
monophyletic clads
a group that includes ALL of the taxa descended from a specific common ancestor
43
Paraphyletic clades
a group that excludes some of the descendants from a specific common ancestor (part of a monophyletic group)
44
Polyphyletic
a group that does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members (parts of multiple monophyletic groups)
45
Modes of Speciation
- Allopatric (vicariance) ex. panama canal - Allopatric (Founder Effect) ex. Oahu tree snail - Parapatric - Sympatric
46
Polyploidy
having more than 2 sets of chromosomes
47
Allopolyploidy
The polyploid carries the combined genomes of two separate species
48
Autopolyploidy
The polyploid carries the duplicated genome of a single species
49
Parthenogenesis
Development of an embryo in a female from an unfertilized egg (no sperm, no male) ex. lizards that cuddle
50
competition
everybody loses
51
amensalism
one species is not affected and the other is negatively affected rare because if none of the species are benefiting the negatively impacted
52
Predation Parasitism
one species is + impacted and the other is - impacted
53
Commensalism Facilitation
one species is + impacted and the other is not affected | ex. birch tree and douglass fir seedling
54
Mutualism
everybody wins
55
Fundamental Niches
the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (temperature, precipitation, soil type)
56
Realized Niches
The biotic conditions (interactions with other species) that determine where the species occurs
57
Fundamental Niches
the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (temperature, precipitation, soil type) where it is physically able to occupy
58
Realized Niches
The biotic conditions (interactions with other species) that determine where the species occurs where it physically occupies when competing with other species
59
Lotka-Volterra Model
prey -> dV/dt= rV - pVP predator -> dP/dt = cpVP - d(predator death)P
60
what is competition
when individuals require the same shared limiting resource
61
intraspecific
competition for resources between members of the same species ex. self thinning, less surviving but larger mass survives
62
interspecific
competition for resources between members of different species ex. self thinning larger/ better competitors survive, purple plant is larger than the other plant therefore survives more
63
Competitive Exclusion Principle
two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist. Eventually the stronger competitor will drive the weaker competitor extinct ex. P. aurelia and P. caudatum both - impacted
64
coexistence
occurs when resource partitioning is applied ex. p. bursaria and P. caudatum separates in vial, however lower carrying capacities than when grown alone ex. different parts of a tree
65
resource partitioning
different parts of a tree vs. different parts of the resource (kinds of flowers different wavelength) ex. south african bats
66
character displacement
species competing for the same limiting resource diverge in morphology due to natural selections ex. galapagos finches
67
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Species diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance because competition reduces diversity at low levels of disturbance and death reduces diversity at high levels of disturbance
68
facilitation
a relationship between species where one benefits | ex. limber pine and douglas fir seedling
69
Obligate mutualism
a relationship that benefits both species that are reliant on the relationship for reproduction or function ex. yucca plant and yucca moth
70
Facultative Mutualism
a relationship between species where both benefit but are not reliant for reproduction or function ex. plants and mycorrhizae
71
Conditional Interactions
relationships that can shift from one interaction to another ex. Mycorrhizae is always + impacted but the plant can be - impacted when it is able to acquire enough nutrients from the soil with its own roots and the mycorrhizae continues to take the sugar from the plant
72
low vs high elevations
at low elevations species interactions are usually competition and at high elevations the relationships turn mutualistic. they must work together to survive harsh conditions
73
primary succession
new land , bare rock, NO soil takes time to develop ex. lava (new island)
74
secondary succession
when an environmental catastrophe occurs and kills everything, however soil is PRESENT *soil allows colonization of the environment faster, also some seeds depending on ecosystem can survive within the soil
75
pioneer species
ones that can disperse very well, can survive harsh environments, short life spans and reproduce really quickly (r-selected)

BIS 2B (4 decks)

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