MIDTERM #2 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
The central nervous system consists of the _________ and the _________.
A
brain, spinal cord
2
Q
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _________ and the _______ nervous systems.
A
autonomic, somatic
3
Q
The function of the autonomic nervous system is coordinating __________ body movements.
A
involuntary
4
Q
The function of the somatic nervous system is coordinating ____________ body movements.
A
voluntary
5
Q
The ____________ nervous system initiates the fight-or-flight response.
A
sympathetic
6
Q
The ________ _________ regulates the production of hormones.
A
pituitary gland
7
Q
Allostasis helps the body _____________.
A
adapt to stress
8
Q
Allostatic load occurs when ____________.
A
we are exposed to chronic stressors
9
Q
Stressors can be divided into _______ and _______.
A
daily hassles, life events
10
Q
True or False: Life events are linked to psychological disorders.
A
True
11
Q
Primary appraisal is assessing…
A
the threat or challenge from a stressor
12
Q
People who are neurotic are prone to _______ _______.
A
negative emotions
13
Q
True or False: Neuroticism causes increased physical symptoms.
A
False
14
Q
Someone who takes extra time to double-check their work is likely high in ____________.
A
Conscientiousness
15
Q
True or False: Optimism is one of the big five personality traits
A
False
16
Q
True or False: Hostility can be easy to reverse with simple lifestyle changes
A
False
17
Q
Cognitive dissonance is a ________ feeling that arises when one’s ________ is inconsistent with one’s attitude.
A
negative, behavior
18
Q
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, _______ and _______ determine the likelihood that a message is systematically processed.
A
motivation, ability
19
Q
the aggregate of the educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction and the improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.
A
health psychology
20
Q
Health psychology is 2 things: what are they?
A
1) academic discipline
2) profession
21
Q
allows us to adapt to changes within our body and environment by using our senses to understand, interpret and respond to internal and external changes.
A
nervous system
22
Q
What are the 3 components of the nervous system?
A
1) brain
2) spinal cord
3) nerves
23
Q
What are the 2 distinct parts of the nervous system?
A
1) Central Nervous System
2) Peripheral Nervous System
24
Q
What does the central nervous system consist of and what is it protected by?
A
consists of brain and spinal cord; protected by bone
25
What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of and what does it do?
consists of a network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
26
What two systems is the Peripheral Nervous System further divided into?
1) Somatic Nervous System
| 2) Autonomic Nervous System
27
concerned with coordinating the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
28
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
concerned with regulating internal body processes that require no conscious awareness
29
What 2 divisions can the Autonomic Nervous System further be divided into?
1) Sympathetic Division
| 2) Parasympathetic Division
30
What are the 4 brain lobes?
1) frontal lobe
2) occipital lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) temporal lobe
31
Where are the 4 brain lobes located?
in the cerebrum
32
Where is the frontal lobe located and what is its function?
front of the brain; controls muscle movement, motor skills, and cognitive functions
33
Where is the occipital lobe located and what is its function?
back of the brain; interprets visual stimuli and information
34
Where is the parietal lobe located and what is its function?
middle section of the brain; processes sensations of touch, pain, and pressure
35
Where is the temporal lobe located and what is its function?
bottom section of the brain; interprets auditory information (language)
36
Where is the brainstem located and what is its function?
connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; transports motor and sensory neurons between the brain and the spinal cord to relay signals
37
Where is the cerebellum located and what is its function?
behind the brainstem; helps coordinate muscular activity
38
What are the main components of a neuron?
1) cell body
2) dendrites
3) axon
4) Myelin sheath
5) synapse
39
What 2 biological systems are activated in response to stress?
1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
| 2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)
40
From an evolutionary perspective, the biological response to stress is _________.
adaptive
41
a physiological response to stress leading to the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin to put the body on alert
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
42
a physiological response to stress leading to the release of the stress hormone cortisol
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)
43
__________ provides the basis for coping with stress.
Appraisal
44
What are the 2 types of appraisal processes?
1) Primary Appraisal
| 2) Secondary Appraisal
45
the process of assessing the threat or challenge posed by the stressor
Primary Appraisal
46
the process of assessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor
Secondary Appraisal
47
a range of negative perceptions and reactions experienced when pressure becomes too much
stress
48
What are the 2 broad categories for coping with stress?
1) Problem-focused Coping
| 2) Emotion-focused Coping
49
involves making plans or taking actions to help change the situation or reduce its impact
Problem-focused Coping
50
Focuses on regulating the individual’s emotions rather than changing the stressful situation
Emotion-focused Coping
51
What is a major source of stress?
the workplace
52
specialize in the application of psychology to protecting and promoting the safety, health and well-being of workers within the work place
Occupational Health Psychologists
53
What two key aspects of work does the Demand-Control model focus on?
1) Job Demands
| 2) Job Control
54
refers to how challenging a job is, and includes factors such as heavy workload, fast pace of work and conflicting demands
Job Demands
55
refers to the extent to which an employee has a say in decisions about their job and is able to develop their abilities
Job Control (also known as job decision latitude)
56
What are jobs that are high in demand and low in control known as?
High-strain Jobs
57
What are jobs that are low in demand and high in control known as?
Low-Strain Jobs
58
What are jobs that are high in demand and high in control known as?
Active Jobs
59
What are jobs that are low in demand and low in control known as?
Passive Jobs
60
- Is based on the principle of social exchange, i.e., that individuals in exchange relationships expect reciprocity, and stress occurs if this is not met.
- Argues that negative health outcomes stem from an imbalance (between the efforts the employee puts in at work and the rewards they receive)
Effort-Reward Imbalance Model
61
Experiencing high efforts and low rewards is known as what in the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model?
over-commitment
62
What are the 5 key dimensions of personality in the Big Five Personality Model?
```
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
63
the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as distress, anxiety, fear and guilt
neuroticism
64
the ability to control one’s behavior and complete tasks
conscientiousness
65
he expectation that in the future good things will happen to you and bad things will not
optimism
66
Those high in optimism are more likely to avoid ______ _________.
high-risk situations
67
A behavior pattern characterized by competitive drive, aggression, chronic impatience, and a sense of time urgency.
Type A Behavior Pattern
68
A negative attitude towards others, consisting of enmity, denigration and ill will
hostility
69
an unpleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent or when the person’s behavior is inconsistent with their underlying attitudes
cognitive dissonance
70
a shift in a person’s hypothetical construct in one or more of its three components: cognition, affect and behavior
attitude change
71
considers the factors that influence the extent to which a message is systematically processed (known as ‘cognitive elaboration’)
Elaboration Likelihood Model
72
The likelihood of elaboration is determined by what two factors?
1) Motivation to think about the messages
| 2) Ability to process message
73
What are the two different routes of persuasion?
1) Central (or Systematic) Route
| 2) Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route
74
requires careful and systematic consideration of the message, and so involves significant cognitive effort
Central (or Systematic) Rout
75
requires little cognitive effort, and persuasion depends on the presence of peripheral cues rather than the in-depth processing of messages
Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route
76
- the levels of confidence individuals have in their ability to execute courses of action or attain specific performance outcomes
- a situationally-specific form of self-confidence that can vary from task to task, or even moment to moment
self efficacy
77
self-efficacy judgments derive from the cognitive processing of information from what four principle sources?
1) Performance accomplishments
2) Vicarious experiences
3) Verbal persuasion
4) Emotional arousal
78
What is the most dependable source of self-efficacy and why?
Performance accomplishments because they are based on personal mastery experiences
79
a term used to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth
self-esteem
80
What are the 2 crucial features of attention?
1) the selectivity of attention
| 2) the ‘mental effort’ required to maintain alertness for prolonged periods
81
What underpins effective decision-making?
The ability of individuals to selectively perceive and process information
82
the process by which all thoughts and senses are focused totally upon a selected object or activity to the exclusion of everything else
concentration
83
Concentration varies in what?
intensity and focus
84
As emotions intensify, concentration tends to ________.
narrow
85
Individuals need to be able to _______ ______ _______ to reduce the risk of poor decision-making.
control their emotions
86
a dynamic process reflected in the ‘tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of instrumental objectives and/or the satisfaction of member affective needs’
cohesion
87
the desire of group members to complete a given task
task cohesion
88
the desire to develop and maintain social bonds between team members
social cohesion
89
the ability to perceive, monitor, employ, and manage emotions within oneself and in others
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
90
Emotional intelligence is associated with frequent use of ____________ _______.
psychological skills
91
What are 3 strategies found to be used by athletes both during training and while competing to control emotions?
1) Imagery
2) Self-talk
3) Goal setting
92
a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others
trait anxiety
93
an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers
state anxiety
94
What outcomes has trait anxiety been used to predict?
burnout and sports injury
95
Trait anxiety is associated with what?
narrowing of attention
96
includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
mental health
97
What is the most common mental illness in the U.S.?
anxiety
98
typified by a constant chronic non-specific worry and anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
99
Evidence suggests that individuals with GAD are in a state of ________ ______________.
constant hypervigilance
100
GAD sufferers strongly believe that worrying protects them from ____________ ____________.
negative outcomes
101
intrusive and recurring thoughts
obsessions
102
An individual with OCD may find thoughts such as obsessions ___________ and _____________.
disturbing, uncontrollable
103
What kind of people are more likely to feel responsible for having “bad thoughts”, fear the consequences of these thoughts and have inflated thoughts about their own role in preventing harm?
individuals with OCD
104
What are 4 psychological features of GAD sufferers?
1) intolerant of uncertainty
2) High on perfectionism
3) Feel responsible for negative outcomes
4) Poor problem-solving confidence
105
what are 3 symptoms of OCD sufferers?
1) fear of contamination
2) causing harm to others
3) expressing an unacceptable sexual, aggressive or immoral impulse
106
Most likely GAD sufferers are not “_____ _________”
born worriers
107
Those with GAD are ]more likely to allocate attention to ___________ _______ and _________.
threatening stimuli, information
108
What are some symptoms of depression?
- Frequent crying and overwhelming sadness
- Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
- Excessive sleeping or the inability to sleep
- Anxiety
- Anger
- Difficulty enjoying previously-enjoyed activities
- Unexplained physical ailments such as headaches or muscle pain
- Difficulty concentrating
- Changes in weight or eating habits
- Thoughts of suicide
109
a theory introducing the idea that depression could be caused by biases in ways of thinking and processing information
Beck's cognitive theory
110
What 3 things do those with depression have negative views towards in the negative triad?
1) themselves
2) future
3) world
111
a theory of depression that argues that people become depressed following unavoidable negative life events because these events give rise to a way of thinking that makes them learn to become 'helpless'
learned helplessness
112
the argument that people learn to become helpless and hopeless because they explain their behavior and events by attributing them to causes that generate pessimistic thinking
attributional theories of depression
113
People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to what 3 factors?
1) internal
2) stable
3) global
114
an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no way to change this
hopelessness
115
The hopelessness theory differs from basic attributional accounts by predicting that other factors, such as ____ _________, may also be involved as vulnerability factors.
low self-esteem
116
True or False: Self-efficacy has a negative correlation with sports performance.
False
117
True or False: Contrary to popular sentiment, there is actually little evidence to suggest that moderate exercise is beneficial for adults.
False
118
the underlying, relatively stable psychological structure and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s activities and reactions to the environment
personality
119
Emotions that are noncompliant with cultural beliefs tend to be __________.
suppressed
120
True or False: High-cohesion groups always outperform low-cohesion groups.
False
121
As task cohesion decreases, the size of the team tends to _________.
increase
122
True or False: Emotional Intelligence (EQ/EI) is unrelated to athletic performance.
False
123
True or False: Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
True
124
As of 2015, how many adults in the U.S. experience mental illness in a given year?
43.8 million
125
As of 2015, what is the most prevalent mental illness for adults in the U.S.?
anxiety
126
What type of disorder is depression?
mood disorder
127
Obsessions are _______ and compulsions are ________.
intrusive, recurring thoughts; repetitive behaviors
128
What are some symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Disturbances in thought and language, sensory perception, emotion regulation and behavior
- Sensory hallucinations
- Thought disorders, which may lead to pervasive false beliefs or delusions about themselves and the world around them
- Withdrawal from day-to-day activities
129
What type of disorder is schizophrenia?
heterogeneous
130
What specific neurotransmitter has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?
dopamine
131
The dopamine hypothesis argues that the symptoms of schizophrenia are related to what?
excessive dopamine levels
132
What are 2 contributors in families to psychotic symptoms?
1) communication deviance (CD)
| 2) expressed emotion (EE)
133
a general term used to describe communication that is difficult for ordinary listeners to follow and leaves them puzzled and unable to share a focus of attention with the speaker
communication deviance (CD)
134
- a qualitative measure of the 'amount' of emotion displayed, typically in the family setting
- high levels of criticism, hostility and emotional involvement between key members of a family
expressed emotion (EE)
135
What are symptoms of autism?
- The child seems withdrawn
- Failure to develop normal means of communication
- Disinterest in his or her surroundings
- Difficulty learning new skills
136
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
1) central
| 2) peripheral
137
Explain the function of the Somatic nervous system.
Coordinates the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles
138
Repeated activation of the stress response system may increase the risk of _____________ through ___________.
cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis
139
What kind of job consists of high demand and low control?
high-strain
140
what kind of job consists of high demand and high control?
active
141
what kind of job consists of low demand and low control?
passive
142
what kind of job consists of low demand and high control?
low-strain
143
What is the difference between a life event and a daily hassle?
life event - a change in a person's circumstances
| daily hassle - a daily happening that causes the repeated habit of the stress response system
144
________ refers to cognitive restructuring so that one sees the stressful situation in a more positive light.
Positive reappraisal
145
Who uses the DSM-5?
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and licensed mental health professionals
146
What is the DSM-5 used for?
to diagnose mental health disorders
147
The ability of individuals to ________ ______ ___ _______ ________ underpins effective decision-making.
selectively perceive and process information
148
Self-esteem is often seen to be one of the most important indicators of __________ ________.
psychological well-being
149
True or False: Cognitive Dissonance is defined as "a pleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent."
False
150
Compare and contrast the characteristics of people with high self-esteem and people with low self-esteem.
High self-esteem: embrace positive events, disregard negative events, maintaining positive psychological states
Low self-esteem: respond to events in balanced ways - positive events lead to positive psychological states, negative events lead to negative ones
151
What are the five key dimensions of personality according to the Big Five Personality Model?
```
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
152
Name two characteristics of Type A Behavior.
- Competitive drive
- aggression
- chronic impatience
- sense of time urgency
153
Situational, personal, leadership, and team factors that influence performance and satisfaction
group cohesion
154
Allostatic response is maintained when the stressor becomes _______ and is __________.
chronic, repeated
155
What are the two factors in an active job?
1) high demand
| 2) high control
156
What are 4 situational factors that influence cohesion?
1) Orientation of the competition
2) team size
3) geography
4) task type
157
What is the difference between trait anxiety and state anxiety?
- Trait anxiety is a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others.
- State anxiety is an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers.
158
What are the 3 components of Beck's Cognition Theory?
Negative views about...
1) the world
2) oneself
3) the future
159
Describe the difference between dysfunction, distress, and deviance.
- Dysfunction: aspects of individual’s life negatively impacted by symptoms
- Distress: symptoms that upset individual or others
- Deviance: irrational, violating standards
160
What two factors determine the likelihood of elaboration?
1) the motivation to think about the messages
| 2) the ability to process messages
161
True or False: Performance accomplishments are the most dependable source of self-efficacy.
True
162
What are primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?
- Primary: Processing of accessing and the threat or challenge of the stressor
- Secondary: Process of accessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor
163
What happens to concentration as emotions intensify?
it narrows
164
The _________ of a neuron receive the neurotransmitters (messages) from the previous neuron and take them to the cell body.
dendrites
165
What are the two biological responses to stress?
1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
| 2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis (HPA)
166
What are early symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Child seems withdrawn
- failure to develop normal means of communication
- disinterest in his/her surroundings
- difficulty learning new skills
