Midterm 2

Question 1

Describe non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) measures to control or prevent cardiovascular disease.

Answer 1

Exercise, diet, and yearly physical exams.

Question 2

Digoxin: pharmacologic class? Important assessment? Lab?

Answer 2

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Question 3

How do β-blockers work? Nursing considerations?

Answer 3

block the release of renin allowing more water to be excreted in the renal tubules which decreases blood volume thereby lowering blood pressure.

Question 4

How do calcium channel blockers (selective vs. non-selective) work? Nursing assessments prior to administration? Common side effects?

Answer 4

They block the angiotensin receptors to interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system thereby dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure.

Question 5

Contrast mechanism of ACE inhibitors vs. ARBs. Common side effects?

Answer 5

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Question 6

What class of medications can be used to control pulmonary edema?

Answer 6

ACE inhibitors

Question 7

What is angina? Compare acute vs. chronic angina, and corresponding meds.

Answer 7

Ischemic chest pain producing myocardial damage

Question 8

Name three electrolytes responsible for cardiac action potentials.

Answer 8

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride

Question 9

Antiplatelets: function? Nursing considerations? Which med can cause tinnitus?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Anticoagulants: classification and corresponding mechanism?

Answer 10

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Question 11

Contrast heparin vs. LMWH (e.g., Fragmin)

Answer 11

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Question 12

How does nitroglycerin spray lower BP?

Answer 12

It has a vaso-vagal effect to lower BP.

Question 13

What should you do if nitroglycerin SL is not effective for acute angina?

Answer 13

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Question 14

When getting up a patient on an antihypertensive medication, what should be taken into consideration? Why?

Answer 14

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Question 15

What are common causes of cardiac dysrhythmias?

Answer 15

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Question 16

What is rebound hypertension?

Answer 16

A rise in blood pressure that occurs when an antihypertensive medication is stopped.

Question 17

Why should decongestants be avoided with severe hypertension?

Answer 17

Decongestants are adrenergic antagonists and therefore may cause an increase in blood pressure.

Question 18

What catecholamines stimulate the SNS?

Answer 18

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Question 19

What is the pharmacologic action of anti-arrhythmics?

Answer 19

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Question 20

What class of medications act on the kidneys to reduce fluid in the body, and indirectly reduce BP?

Answer 20

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Question 21

Describe non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) measures to prevent or control symptoms of common respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD and asthma)?

Answer 21

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Question 22

What is the therapeutic effect of expectorants?

Answer 22

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Question 23

What medications are more effective in treating acute asthma attacks?

Answer 23

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Question 24

What should a client do after receiving inhaler medications?

Answer 24

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Question 25

What is the therapeutic effect of antitussives?

Answer 25

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Question 26

How do systemic decongestants work?

Answer 26

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Question 27

What should be assessed before and after administration of inhalers?

Answer 27

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Question 28

How do antihistamines work?

Answer 28

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Question 29

What are glucocorticosteroids used to treat?

Answer 29

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Question 30

What is a common side effect of older (first) generation antihistamines?

Answer 30

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Question 31

What are differences between controllers and relievers?

Answer 31

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Question 32

What non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) methods can be used to induce sleep?

Answer 32

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Question 33

How long does it take for antidepressants to start having an effect on mood?

Answer 33

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Question 34

What is the risk of a patient eating tyramine-rich food when taking MAOIs?

Answer 34

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Question 35

Why might certain antidepressants, such as TCAs, be taken at bedtime?

Answer 35

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Question 36

What conditions are antipsychotics used to treat?

Answer 36

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Question 37

What is a major side effect of antidepressants related to blood pressure?

Answer 37

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Question 38

What do barbiturates do?

Answer 38

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Question 39

What are medication teaching related to antipsychotics?

Answer 39

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Question 40

What is pseudo parkinsonism?

Answer 40

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Question 41

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 41

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Question 42

A side effect of some drugs ie. anticholinergics can be decreased peristalsis. What effect might that have on drug absorption?

Answer 42

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Question 43

How do SSRIs work?

Answer 43

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Question 44

What needs to be assessed prior to administration of narcotics?

Answer 44

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Question 45

What is the difference between general anaesthesia and local anaesthesia?

Answer 45

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Question 46

What needs to be monitored regularly when a patient is taking phenytoin (hydantoin medication)?

Answer 46

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Question 47

Compare mechanism of action of TCA vs. MAOI.

Answer 47

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Question 48

What is lithium used to treat? What bloodwork needs to be monitored and why?

Answer 48

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Question 49

What medication class is first-line in managing Parkinson’s disease? Side effects?

Answer 49

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Question 50

How do medications for Alzheimer’s disease work? S/E? Patient teaching?

Answer 50

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Question 51

What are common medications for seizure disorders? S/E? Nursing implications?

Answer 51

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Question 52

Non-pharmacologic measures to control symptoms and prevent complications from PD/seizures/dementia

Answer 52

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Question 53

What are nursing considerations related to centrally-acting muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen)?

Answer 53

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Question 54

What is Dopamine?

Answer 54

A neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers

Question 55

What is Dystonia

Answer 55

A state of abnormal toncity sometimes described as "muscle spasm"

Question 56

What's Akathisia

Answer 56

Inability to sit still/intense motor restlessness

Question 57

What is Pseudo Parkinsinisn

Answer 57

Resembles symptoms of Parkinsons disease

Question 58

What is blocking reuptake?

Answer 58

Slowing down the communication between neurons

Question 59

What are MAOIs and what so they do

Answer 59

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors which work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase which is the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters. May be prescribed when other medications haven't worked because they have serious side effects. Requires a strict diet because of deadly interactions with foods. Cannot be combined with SSRIs

Question 60

What is Tyramine?

Answer 60

An amino acid that regulates BP but if in bloodstream can raise BP

Question 61

At what stage are clients at greatest risk for suicide after starting antidepressants?

Answer 61

3-4 weeks

Question 62

How does Lithium work?

Answer 62

Affects the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells in the body. Sodium affects excitation or mania. Lithium has a very small therapeutic window and must be monitored closely it is especially effective for manic phase.

Question 63

What are symptoms of Mania?

Answer 63

Abnormally aroused energy level. Hyperactivity, rushed speech, poor judgement, reduced need for sleep, aggression and anger.

Question 64

What are Sedatives?

Answer 64

Low doses of drugs that depress the CNS but do not affect LOC are called sedatives

Question 65

What are Hypnotics

Answer 65

Increasing the dose of CNS depressing drugs produce a hypnotic effect

Question 66

What are Anesthetics

Answer 66

High doses of CNS depressing drugs

Question 67

What meds are used for insomnia?

Answer 67

Antihistamines (benadryl),Benzodiazepines (Ativan), and Non-Benzodiazepines (Imovane)