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BIOL1050 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

Interaction of food with the organism

Includes: prehension, eating, digesting, absorbing, metabolizing and eliminating

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2
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Things we have evolved to get from the environment

Amino acids
Fatty acids
Minerals
Vitamins

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3
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for high function. Sodium, calcium, potassium, copper and iodine

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4
Q

Sodium

A

Found in table salt. Too much increases bp. Nerves

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5
Q

Calcium

A

Found in dairy and dark green veggies. Bones and teeth

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6
Q

Potassium

A

Found in almost everything. Nerves

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7
Q

Copper

A

Vulcans and enzymes. Toxic in high levels

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8
Q

Iodine

A

Added to our salt because this part of the world is lacking it. Thyroid

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9
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for normal function, can not be synthesized within the organism (other than vitamin D)

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10
Q

Which vitamins requires what mineral to function

A

Vit E and selenium

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11
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B’s and C’s

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12
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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13
Q

Where do we get C H and O

A

Directly from plants or if we eat animals who have eaten the plants

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14
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, H and O. Most common is glucose. Glycogen is a big source of energy when lacking a meal

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16
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Where plants and animals store sugars
Starch= Plant storage (potatoes and grains)

Glycogen= Animal storage (muscle and liver)

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17
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose: cell walls in plants
Wood: Made of cellulose
Can be digested by fermentation, hard for monogastrics
Chintin: exoskeletons

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18
Q

Lipids

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fate: Source of energy when readily oxidized

Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds, fewer hydrogens. Plants and fish fats. Omega 3= essential fatty acid for humans

Saturated fatty acids: Single bonds, saturated with hydrogen. Animal fats

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major component of cell membrane in animals

Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group

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20
Q

Steroids (lipids)

A

Carbon skeleton in rings. precursor for hormone synthesis

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21
Q

Proteins

A

Over 50% of dry matter in cells. Made up of amino acids (20). Long chains, folded structure. One amino acid change can cause sickle cell anemia (RBC’s do not form properly to carry enough oxygen)

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22
Q

Nucleic acids

A

In DNA and RNA. programs all proteins.

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23
Q

DNA

A

Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytose and thymine

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24
Q

RNA

A

U=T (uracil)

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25
Double helix
Caused by the AT GC bonds
26
How are macromolecules (fuel) delivered to the cells
Bloodstream
27
Glycolysis
No net ATP produced. pieces of glucose molecule get chopped off, glucose= 3 carbons= pyruvate. Changes nature of molecule. 34% efficient, rest is lost as heat. 30-32 ATP molecules will be produced
28
Pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate turns into acetyl co-A. Needs O2 and B vitamins
29
Vitamin B
Shot can help when lacking energy to help speed up these reactions
30
Fermintation
If no oxygen is present after pyruvate oxidation, ethanol, lactate or other products are produced
31
NADH
Co- enzyme made from niacin (B3)
32
FADH
Contains riboflavin (B2)
33
Acetyl co-A
Co- enzyme made from pantothenic acid (B5)
34
Cellular respiration is driven by glucose
Directly from carbohydrates, indirectly from glycogen, fats (glycerol) and proteins (glucogenisis) Proteins (amino acids), fatty acids and vitamins are required for intermediate compounds
35
Types of herbivores
Grazers and browsers
36
Grazers
Grasses and legumes (horses)
37
Browsers
Woody plants and grasses. Break down cellulose better (donkeys and deer)
38
Ingestion
Biting and chewing - Harvesting food, grinding and mechanical breakdown Salivation - Adds water to food - Adds enzymes (omnivores) - Salivary amylaze: Glycogen and starch Swallowing - Moves bolus of food
39
Digestion (stomach)
Gastric juices and HCL + pepsin HCl reduces pH and turns pepsinogen into pepsin (if we secreted pepsin, our body would digest itself
40
Digestive variants: Birds
Have gizzards. Replace teeth with grinding function Ruminants: 3 compartments ahead of the stomach Hindgut fermentors: Large cecum and large intestine
41
Ruminant compartments
1) Reticulum 2) Rumen 3) Omasum 4) Abomasum
42
Reticulum
Rumination gate keeper. Rumen bypass in calves
43
Rumen
Microbes are there to digest carbs. Materials can spend hours, days or weeks here. Microbes produce volatile fatty acids (energy)
44
Omasum
Absorbs water from rumen contents
45
Abomasum
Breaks down proteins. Like our stomachs without the strong acids
46
Coprophagy
Rabbits reinvest their wet feces to gain more nutrients, it breaks down further and is dry when eliminated the second time
47
Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen
48
Pariteal cells
Secrete HCL
49
Gastric ulcer
When there is too much pepsin and it eats through the mucus
50
Why does stomach lining produce mucus
To protect itself
51
Which animals are hindgut fermentors
Horses, donkeys, elephants, rhinos, rabbits and koalas
52
Symbiotic digestion
Digesting cellulose
53
Large intestine
Fermentation: While water is present. VFA's are absorbed for energy. High cellulose stuff (fiber) will be left over
54
Sucessful probiotics
Must be capsulated so they actually make it to the large intestine alive
55
Regulation of digestion
Mechanical: Full Chemical: Blood glucose Apetite: Mental
56
Gastric gland
Secretes substances made by the cells
57
Homeostasis
17-110mg of glucose per every 100mL of blood
58
How does the liver help achieve homeostasis
1) Can transport glucose into body cells and store as glycogen (when too high) 2) Can breakdown glycogen and release glucose into blood
59
How does the pancreas help achieve homeostasis
1) Secretes insulin when blood glucose level rises after eating (when too high) 2) Secretes glucagon (when too low)
60
What does glucagon do
Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
61
Volatile fatty acids
Acetate, propionate, butyrate
62
Acetate
Directed to muscles and fats
63
Propionate
Convert to glucose in the liver
64
Butyrate
Converted to ketone bodies
65
Each cellulose ring
Is a glucose
66
Cellulose
Complex carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls Very insoluble fibre in omnivore digestive system
67
What enzyme breaks down cellulose
Cellulase, found in microbes
68
Why do humans consume cellulose
To bulk up the diet, and to feel full, however humans tent to eat the low cellulose parts of plants
69
Process of rumination
Regurgitation. Develop symbiosis with organisms that can digest plant material
70
Dead microbes
Protein
71
Which VFA's undergo the citric acid cycle
Acetic acid and butyric acid
72
Where do VFA's in dairy cows end up
Milk fat (butter fat) or lactose (milk sugar)
73
Omnivores
Limited symbiosis with micrograms. High firer diet is no good
74
Appendix
Non functioning. Too much sitting in it and not moving causes appendicitis
75
Large intestine in omnivores
Not a great fermentor. Cellulose is not well broken down. Microbes can not be captured
76
Methods for omnivores when it comes to plants that are too high in fiber
Grains are the most digestible plant components Processed plants (ground up) Cooking: Can denature protein structure
77
Carnivores
Have to eat meat. Not enough enzymes in saliva to digest sugars Produce glucose via glycogenesis and use normal cellular respiration from there on
78
Glycogenesis
Reverse glycolysis. All done in the liver. Costs energy. Starts with lactate in the muscles
79
Carnivore teeth
Large canines, lots of pre molars. Teeth overlap, mouths are full of bacteria.
80
Herbivore
Missing upper incisors, tiny canines ** Dental pad** Grind food
81
Omnivores
Everything is pretty even Crush food
82
Intracellular digestion
- In addition to exctra cellular digestion (small scale digestion) - Circulating macromolecules. Substances are wrapped in vacuoles and digested in vacuole to avoid digesting the cell
83
When do horses need their teeth done
When they drool while eating and when there are whole kernels of corn/ grain in stool
84
What are volatile fatty acids
- Produced by microbes - Can be absorbed by cecum or large intestine to produce energy. Excess VFA's go directly to tissues - Can't capture microbial protein via stomach and small intestine because the cecum is behind that
85
Toxic plants for equids
Jugulone (nut trees): Toxicosis (colic, swelling, laminitis) Oak, red maple: Acorns, wilted leaves Cherry plumb Cyanide compounds in leaves, pits

BIOL1050 (12 decks)

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