Midterm #2 - Ch.4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy Flashcards
1
Q
emotion
A
- feeling/affect
- state or interaction important to a person
2
Q
early emotions at what age?
A
- in the first 6 months
3
Q
primary emotions
A
- surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust
4
Q
self-conscious emotions
A
- develop later
- need self awareness
- jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, guilt
5
Q
3 types of crying
A
- basic
- anger
- pain
6
Q
basic cry
A
- rhythmic pattern
- brief silence
- shorter higher pitched whistle
- could relate to hunger
7
Q
anger cry
A
- variation of basic cry
- more excess air forced through vocal cords
8
Q
pain cry
A
- sudden, long initial loud cry
- holding breath
- no preliminary moaning
- stimulated by physical pain or high intensity stimuli
9
Q
smiling
A
- critical social skill and signal
10
Q
reflexive smile
A
- not from external stimulus
- in first month
- can happen during sleep
11
Q
social smile
A
- response to external stimulus
- happens at 2 months
12
Q
fear
A
- one of the first emotions
- starts at 6 months and peaks at 18 months
- predisposition to threatening stimulus
- connected to stranger anxiety
13
Q
stranger anxiety
A
- fear and wariness of strangers
- more intense at 9 months
- depends on social context and characteristics of the stranger
14
Q
social referencing
A
- infants can read emotions of others
- how to act in a certain situation
- check with caregiver before acting
15
Q
separation protest
A
- crying when caregiver leaves
16
Q
temperament
A
- individual differences in behavioural styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
- duration and intensity of emotions
17
Q
easy child
A
- positive mood
- establish routines
- adapt easily
18
Q
difficult child
A
- negative mood
- cries a lot
- irregular routines
19
Q
slow-to-warm-up child
A
- low activity level
- somewhat negative mood
- low intensity mood
20
Q
Kagan’s concept of behavioural inbibition
A
- differences between a shy, subdued, timid child, and a sociable, extroverted, bold child
- inhibition to the unfamiliar
21
Q
inhibition to the unfamiliar
A
- react to aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
- around 7-9 months
- related to social phobia at 7 years
22
Q
high effortful control
A
- ability to keep arousal from getting too intense
- have self soothing strategies
23
Q
low effortful control
A
- unable to control arousal
- easily agitated
- become intensely emotional
24
Q
biological foundations (temperament)
A
- can inherit a physiology that predisposes them to have a certain temperament
- brain structure
25
experience (temperament)
- children can learn to reduce fear and inhibition to a degree
26
goodness of fit (parenting)
- match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
27
trust
- trust vs mistrust in the first year (Erikson)
- infants face less secure world after birth
- need constant care to develop trust
28
developing sense of self
- being attentive and positive toward one's image in a mirror as early as 3 months
- recognizing one's physical features appears around 2 years
29
independence
- more central in second year (Erikson)
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- autonomy builds as mental and motor abilities develop
30
attachment - Freud
- infants become attached to the person/object that gives them oral sensation
- usually mother
- not true
31
attachment - Harlow
- cloth vs wire mother for monkeys
- contact comfort
- feeding is not a crucial element in attachment
32
attachment - Erikson
- physical comfort and sensitive care are key to establishing a basic level of trust during infancy
- trust = foundation of attachment
33
attachment - John Bowlby
- importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver
34
4 phases of attachment - Bowlby
1. birth-2months: infants direct attachment to human figures, equally likely to elicit a reaction
2. 2-7months: attachment focused on one figure, usually primary caregiver
3. 7-24months: specific attachment develops, actively seeking contact
4. 24 months on: children become aware of other people's feelings, goals, and plans
35
strange situation
- observational measure of an infant's attachment
36
secure attachment
- infants free to roam when caregiver is present
- mild protest when caregiver leaves
- reestablish positive reaction when caregiver returns
37
insecure avoidant
- avoid caregiver, not disturbed when they leave
- contact not reestablished when caregiver returns
38
insecure resistant
- cling to caregiver then resist closeness
- don't explore when caregiver is present
- cry out when caregiver leaves, not reassured when they return
39
insecure disorganized
- disorganized and disoriented
- appear dazed, confused, and fearful
- patterns of avoidance and resistance, or extreme fearfulness around caregiver
40
attachment _______ predicts adolescent _______ ________
- insecurity
- social anxiety
41
problems with attachment theory
- doesn't consider genes and temperament
- ignores diversity or socializing agents and contexts in the infants world
42
secure caregiver
- sensitive to child's signals
- consistently available to respond to infant's needs
43
avoidant caregiver
- little physical contact
- unavailable or rejecting
44
resistant caregiver
- inconsistent
- sometimes respond to needs
45
disorganized caregiver
- neglectful or abusive
46
the family
- a constellation of subsystems
- subsystems have reciprocal influences on each other
47
reciprocal socialization
- parent-child interaction is reciprocal/bidirectional
- children socialize their parents just as parents socialize their children
48
higher quality childcare linked to ....
- children's better self-regulation of attention and emotion
49
developmental cascades
- connections among wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
50
synchrony
- coordination of social interaction with infants
51
scaffolding
- temporarily supports the infant's needs and abilities for the purpose of helping them master a new task
