Midterm #3 - Rest of Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
social role theory of gender
A
- gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men
- social hierarchy and division of labour
2
Q
psychoanalytic theory of gender
A
- Freud
- preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent
3
Q
social cognitive theory of gender
A
- children’s gender development occurs through observation and initiation of what other people say and do
- rewards and punishments for behaviour
4
Q
gender schema theory
A
- gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is appropriate/inappropriate in their culture
5
Q
self-conscious emotions appear at ______
A
- 18 months
6
Q
understanding and perceiving emotions
A
- increased understanding that certain situations are likely to evoke particular emotions and facial expressions
- increase in prosocial behaviour and emotion regulation
7
Q
regulating emotions
A
- key role in ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others
8
Q
emotion-coaching parents
A
- view negative emotions as teaching opportunities
- assist in labelling emotions
- coach how to deal effectively with emotions
9
Q
emotion-dismissing parents
A
- view role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
10
Q
developmental changes during middle and late childhood
A
- improved emotional understanding
- understanding that more than one negative emotion can be experienced at a time
- self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
11
Q
moral development
A
- development of thought, feelings, and behaviours regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
12
Q
moral development - Freud
A
- feelings of anxiety and guilt are key
13
Q
moral development - Piaget
A
- cognitive development
- children gradually come to understand rules are created by people
- intentions should influence how we judge behaviour
14
Q
moral development - Kohlberg
A
- 6 universal stages of moral development
15
Q
perspective taking
A
- empathy, identifying emotional states in others and anticipating the kinds of actions that will improve someone’s emotional state
16
Q
prosocial behaviour
A
- children engage in both immoral antisocial acts and prosocial moral behaviour (empathy, helping others without benefit)
- sharing
17
Q
authoritarian parenting
A
- Baumrind
- restrictive and punitive
- rules are rigidly enforced but not explained
- children are unhappy, fearful, and anxious
18
Q
authoritative parenting
A
- Baumrind
- encourages children to be independent, still provides limits and controls
- children are cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented
19
Q
neglectful parenting
A
- Baumrind
- parent is uninvolved
- children get sense that other aspects of the parent’s lives are more important that they are
- children are socially incompetent, have poor self-control, and don’t handle independence well
20
Q
indulgent parenting
A
- Baumrind
- parents highly involved, few demands or controls
- children rarely learn respect for others, have difficulty controlling behaviour
- children are dominating, egocentric, and noncompliant
21
Q
punishment
A
- children are the only group in society on which we inflict corporal punishment
- link between punitive parenting and increased aggressive behaviour, more anxiety, and lower prosocial behaviour in children <5yrs
22
Q
child maltreatment
A
- (1) physical abuse (2) child neglect (3) sexual abuse (4) emotional abuse
- punishment sometimes leads to abuse
- consequences: poor emotion regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relationships, and difficulty adapting to school
23
Q
sibling relationships
A
- helping, sharing, teaching, fighting, compromising, and playing
- sibling abuse: physical, emotional, verbal
- change over time
24
Q
5 peer statuses
A
- popular
- average
- neglected
- rejected
- controversial
25
6 friend functions
1. companionship
2. stimulation
3. physical support
4. ego support
5. social comparison
6. affection and intimacy
26
5 categories for coping
1. problem solving
2. positive cognitive restructuring
3. seeking support
4. avoidance
5. distraction
27
heteronomous morality
- Piaget
- fixed/unchangeable rules
28
autonomous morality
- Piaget
- at 10yrs, rules are flexible
29
Kohlberg 3 levels of moral development
1. preconventional moral reasoning - external rewards and punishments
2. conventional moral reasoning - conform to social rules
3. post-conventional moral reasoning - universal version of ethical standards
30
social domain theory
- Turiel
- as children interact with social environments, they develop their own ideas and make sense of events and people around them
- moral domain: fairness, justice, rights
- social conventional domain: rules and norms established by society
- personal domain: decisions and behaviour part of personal choice
31
______ is one of the most significant adverse events that children experience during childhood
- divorce
32
popular children
- frequently nominated as best friend
- rarely disliked by peers
33
average children
- average number of positive and negative nominations
34
neglected children
- infrequently nominated as best friend
- not disliked
35
rejected children
- disliked by peers
- infrequently nominated as best friend
36
controversial children
- frequently nominates as someone's best friend and being disliked
37
sensorimotor play
- allows infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
38
practice play
- repetition of new skills
39
pretense/symbolic play
- child transforms physical environment into a symbol
40
social play
- interaction with peers
41
constructive play
- sensorimotor/practice and symbolic representation
