Midterm 2.2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Interviews
A
- One-on-one or focus groups
- Structured or semi-structured
- A range of respondents
- More fluid and dynamic than surveys
2
Q
Uses for Interviews
A
- Gather primary and secondary data
- Used alone or in combination with other data collection methods
3
Q
Focus Groups
A
- Group interviews with a small number of participants and one facilitator
- Group members share one common trait/experience
4
Q
Why Interviews
A
- Motivations depend on research objectives and overall design
- Include data gathering, supplementing existing data, and improving other research tools
5
Q
Advantages of Interviews
A
- Allow for detailed descriptions, high conceptual validity
- Capture varying perspectives
- Explore causal mechanisms
- Assessing complex, causal relationships
- Opportunities to gather meta-data
6
Q
Avoid Ecological Fallacies
A
- Applying a broad theory to the wrong situation should be avoided
7
Q
Diplomacy and the UNSC
A
- Formal debates and transcripts that are performative and pre-scripted
- Anti-chamber outside the real chamber where the actual deals get done
8
Q
Challenges with Interviews
A
- Resource intensive
- Sampling and recruiting participants
- REB approval is required
- Consistency and ‘replicability’ across settings
- Concerns about reliability and validity of data
9
Q
‘Snowball’ Sampling
A
- Getting referred to other people through your interviewees
10
Q
Sampling Challenges in Interviews
A
- People who agree to talk are more willing to talk to researchers which creates a selection bias
11
Q
Fujii and Meta-Data
A
- Does repeat interviews with a genocide survivor
- Becomes clear she was not actually a survivor
- The Rwandan gov had given funding to survivors and she had a young daughter to support
12
Q
Positivist Interviewing
A
- Concerened with replicability and reliability
- Interviews to gather objective information
- Focus on minimizing interviewer effects
13
Q
Interpretive Interviewing
A
- More likely to accept variation, subjective interpretations
- Interviews to develop contextual understanding of different persepctives
- Focus on positionality, knoeldge is co-created
14
Q
Participant Obeservation
A
- Schatz
- Aimed at generating knowledge about a particular community or locale
15
Q
Ethnography
A
- Schatz
1. Participant obersvation
2. Adopting an ethnographic sensibility that goes beyond face-to-face contact
16
Q
Ethnographic Data Gathering
A
- Immersion via fieldwork is typically central, not all fieldwork is ethnographic
- Empirical richness
- Varrying persecptives
- Meta-data
17
Q
Empirical Richness
A
- Geertz
- Detailed, conceptual evidence
- Nuanced descriptions via field notes
18
Q
Varying Perspectives in Ethnography
A
- Capture them and competing interpretaions
- Informal interaction and behvaiours across a wide range of settings
19
Q
Meta-Data in Ethnography
A
- Fujii
- Turning non-data into data
20
Q
Ethnographic Data Analysis
A
- Understanding persepctives of communities under study
- Understand meanings assigned to concepts and events by research subjects
- General sympathy
- Insider vs. outsider
21
Q
General Sympathy in Ethnography
A
- Hallmark of ethnographic research is sympathy for interlocutors
22
Q
Insider vs. Outsider in Ethnography
A
- Tension between the two
- Experience-near vs. experience-dustant analysis
23
Q
Advantages of Ethnography
A
- Detailed evidence to strengthen/challenge theories and meanings
- Theoretical vibrancy
- Potential for epistemological innovation
- Normative grounding
24
Q
Theoretical Vibrancy and Ethnography
A
- Allows for an expansive understanding of the political world
25
Epistemological Innovation and Ethnography
- Tools for capturing complex causal relationships, heterogeneity, contingency, and informality
26
Normative Grouding and Ethnography
- Keeps researchers attentive to the normative conerns that often motivate research
27
Disadvantages of Ethnography
- Labour and resource intensive
- Potentially exclusionary
- Ethical dilemmas for participants and researchers
28
'Accidental' Ethnography
- Paying systematic attention to unplanned moments
- Importance in what they suggest about the larger political or social world
- Fujii
29
Critiques of Ethnography
- Subject to epistemological and methodological critiques
- Researchers' lack of rigor and objectivity
- Lack of generalizability
- Limited capacity to make predictions
- Tensions between positivists vs. interpretivists
30
Unobtrusive Methods
- Kellehear
- Methods which do not disturb the social environment
31
Types of Unobtrusive Methods
- Physical traces
- Non-pariticpant observation
- Archival research
- Media analysis
32
Physical Traces
- Left by human activity and often have political significance
33
Non-Participant Obersvation
- Observation of human behaviour, material culture, and social envrionment
- Connects to physical traces
34
Advantages of Unobtrusive Methods
- Assessing actual vs. self-reported behaviour
- Easily repeatable over time
- Non-reactive
- Widely accessible
- Ideal for longitudinal studies
- Inexpensive
- Relatively safe
35
Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Methods
- Distortion of the original record
- Decontextualization
- Intervening variables
- Selective recording
- Single method over-reliance
- Limited range of applications
36
Decontextualization of Unobtrusive Methods
- Insider vs. outsider understandings
37
Selective Recording
- Based on different biases and interests
38
Media Analysis
- Systematic examination of media sources
- Amount of coverage and/or substance of that coverage
- Identification of patterns
- Impact on production of coverage and/or reception and impact of coverage
39
Types of Media
- Traditional print media
- Audiovisual
- Digital and online
- Advertisements
40
Advantages of Media Analysis
- Relatively few barriers to access
- Wide variety of sources
- Versatile, positivist and interpretive
41
Limitations of Media Analysis
- Questions about accuracy and validity
- Risk of decontextualization
- Language barriers
- Limited range of applications
42
Archival Research
- Research based on archival materials
43
Archives
- Institutional repositories of documents
- Public or private
- Hosted by governments, IOs, NGOs, etc.
44
Types of Archival Sources
- Government records
- Personal papers
- Films and other media
- Digital archives and open-access databases
45
Advantages of Archival Research
- Access to primary sources and unpublished information
- Insights into day-to-day activities, 'eyewitness accounts' of events
- Capture multiple perspectives from different archives
46
Limitations of Archival Research
- Challenges related to access
- Bias from incomplete records and selective preservation
- Evaluating credibility and authenticity
- Challenges related to interpretation
- Ethical considerations
47
Qualitative Data Analysis
- Tipping point
- Critical juncture
- Exogenous shock
- Antecendent, intervening, and omitted variable
48
Trustworthiness
- The extent to which a study produces legitimate knowledge
- Authenticity, portability, precision, and impartiality
49
Authenticity
- Correlation between collected data and actual facts
- Pos, measurement validity
- Int, credibility
50
Portability
- Your findings can travel to other cases
- Results can be used to draw conclusions about other phenomena
51
Precision
- Others would get similar results looking at the same data
- Potentially replicable
52
Impartiality
- Findings are based on evidence
53
Data Preparation
- First phase is sorting data
- Transfer into appropriate format for analysis
54
Coding
- Systematic measurement of the phenomenon at hand (Gerring)
- Sorting based on themes and concepts
55
Open Coding
- First read through and identify broad themes
56
Axial Coding
- Tag specific things
57
Selective Coding
- Final run through
58
Deduction
- Start from general and look for specific
59
Induction
- Specific is used to work back towards a general
60
Abduction
- Move back and forth between deduction and induction
61
Inter-Coder Reliability
- Measures degree of agreement between coders about how the same data should be coded
62
Interpreting Qualitative Data
- Importance of theoretical frameworks and concepts
- Acknowledge discrepancies
- Triangulate to compensate for single approach limitations
63
Reporting on Qualitative Data
- Use established techniques
- Communicate detailed findings
- Transparency and data sharing
- Reflexivity and reporting biases
- Member checks on trustworthiness of findings
64
Positivist Data Analysis
- Seek data that is an 'accurate' depiction of reality
- Standardized coding and inter-coder reliability
65
Interpretive Data Analysis
- Assumes data and context are interwoven
- Expect some variation in interpretation
66
Types of Qualitative Data
- Comprative historical analysis
- Counterfactual analysis
- Process tracing
- Content analysis
- Discource analysis
67
Comparative Historical Analysis
- Comparing a well-defined set of historical cases
- Focus on unfolding causal processes over time
- Generate/evaluate explanations of outcomes
68
Counterfactual Analysis
- Reasoning about phenomena that did not occur
- Thought experiment for understanding causality, actual vs. hypothetical outcomes
69
Process Tracing
- Within-case analysis, process then compared across cases
- Causal process observations (CPOs)
- Correlation from causation
- Hoop tests and smoking gun tests
70
Causal Process Observation
- Evaluate diagnostic evidence in sequence
- Foal of supporting/overturning alternative causal hypotheses
71
Hoop Tests
- Hypotheses are eliminated if they fail to pass
- Passing does not confirm them
72
Smoking Gun Tests
Passing strongly supports a hypothesis
- Failing does not rule it out
73
Content Analysis
- Method for analyzing qual data
- Systematically analyze presence and relationships between concepts
74
Discourse Analysis
- Language in context, studying how language works
- Used to naalyze many types of data
- More focused on meaning of language as opposed to 'counting words'
75
Positionality
- Respond to it with reflexivity
- Soedirgo and Glas
76
Reflexivity
- Record assumptions about positionality
- Routinizing reflexivity
- Bringing other actors into the process
- Showing our work during publication
77
Triangulation
- KKV
- Diverse data trained on the same problem
78
Purpose of Research Ethics
- Prevent harm caused by academic research
- Historical power imbalances have caused harm
79
Types of Harm
- Physical, social, political, economic, psychological, emotional, etc.
- E.g. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
80
Tri-Council Policy Statement
- Basis for ethics in Canada
81
TCPS Core Principle
- Respect for persons
- Concern for welfare
- Justice
82
Respect for Persons
- Respecting autonomu by obtaining voluntary and informed consent
83
Concern for Welfare
- Weight harms and benegits of participation in research
- Fujii and psuedonyms
84
Justice
- Treat everyone fairly and equitably
- Distribute benefits and burdens of research so that no population is unfairly burdened
85
Role of Research Ethics Boards
- Oversight based on TCPS core principles
- Review applications submitted by researchers
86
Limitations of Formal Ethics Protocols
- Fujii says they are not doing enough
- Rules can never cover every ethically significant situation
- Compliance may not ensure ethical conduct
87
Variation Across National Jurisdictions
- Formal research ethics processes are embedded in insitutional settings
- Can very from one place to another
88
Tipping Points
- Small change or event that leads to a large shift
89
Critical juncture
- Moments that are pivotal in shaping future trajectory
90
Exogenous Shock
- External events or factors that disrupt research environment
91
Antecedent Variables
- Factors that occur before the phenomenon being studied
- Have a causal influence
92
Intervening Variables
- Occur during research
- Influence how antecedent becomes the final outcome
93
Omitted Variables
- May be relevant but are not included
94
Path Dependence
- Past decisions, events, or experiences influence current or future outcomes
- Once a path is taken hard to take another
