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Kinesiology 120 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 images of disability in society?

A
  1. Poster child: raises money, pulls on heart strings, “better than” attitude
  2. Supercrip: overcome limitation by extraordinary feats, PWD doing extraordinary things
  3. Crisploitation: exploiting
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2
Q

What do the images/representations of disability in society do?

A
  • Don’t allow normal interactions
  • Underestimate PWD capabilities
  • a problem that needs to be fixed
  • we should fear disability
  • disability can be overcome, all ends well
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3
Q

How is disability usually portrayed in film/tv?

A

Visual disability

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4
Q

List 10 common stereotypes

A
  1. Victim
  2. To be pitied
  3. Exotic
  4. Non-sexual
  5. Triumph over tragedy
  6. Sinister/evil
  7. Can’t fully participate in everyday life
  8. Burden
  9. Hostile
  10. Laughable entertainment
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5
Q

Who is John Callahan?

A
  • American Cartoonist
  • Believes in discrimination for all
  • Quadriplegic since the age of 21
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6
Q

Why must we categorize disability?

A
  • identify our philosophy
  • understand terms
  • understand how we approach service delivery
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7
Q

What are the 3 models for categorizing disability?

A
  1. Categorical, Deficit, or Medical Model
  2. Social Minority or Disability Rights Model
  3. Ecological Model
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8
Q

Within the Categorical Model what is the disability definition?

A

equated with being defective, inferior or less than

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9
Q

What is the identity Perception within the Categorical Model?

A

Individuals have common anomalies and deficits

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10
Q

What kind of terminology is associated with the Categorical Model?

A

Negative

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11
Q

What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Categorical Model?

A

Treatment based on deficits, problems, or characteristics

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12
Q

What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Categorical Model?

A

Give advice, prescription or remediation

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13
Q

What symbols are associated with the Categorical Model?

A

Passive

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14
Q

Within the Social Minority Model, what is the disability definition?

A

Equated with being different

Different is not less than

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15
Q

What is the identity perception of the Social Minority Model?

A

Individuals have one commonality: the social stigma around disability

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16
Q

What kind of terminology is associated with the Social Minority Model?

A

Person-first, positive, neutral

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17
Q

What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Social Minority Model?

A

Based on individual assessment, personal strengths & weaknesses

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18
Q

What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Social Minority Model?

A

Empower individuals to be active in self-actualization

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19
Q

What symbols are associated with the Social Minority Model?

A

Active

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20
Q

Within the Ecological Model, what is the disability definition?

A

Equated with being different
Person-environment interactions that cause the differences
(Environment can impede or enable functioning)

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21
Q

What is the identity perception of the Ecological Model?

A

Persons have common barriers and enablers

Barriers must be eliminated

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22
Q

What terminology is associated with the Ecological Model?

A

Person first terminology, environment variables are emphasized

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23
Q

What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Ecological Model?

A

Assessment involves individuals and their ecosystems

Goals focus on barriers and enablers

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24
Q

What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Ecological Model?

A

To empower the individual to be active in self-actualization

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25
Q

What symbols are associated with the Ecological Model?

A

Active

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26
Q

What is the ultimate purpose of the Social Minority and Ecological Models?

A

Empowerment
Persons, groups, societies acquire the vision, motivation, resources to strive towards being the best they can be (self-actualization)

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27
Q

Describe the cycle of devaluation?

A

draw diagram

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28
Q

In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of impairment?

A

Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function, which might result from a disease, accident, genetic or environmental agents

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29
Q

In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of disability?

A

Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or the range considered normal

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30
Q

In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of handicap?

A

A disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual

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31
Q

In 2001, the WHO introduced what new idea?

A

International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health
-ICF

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the ICF?

A

Classification of health and health related domains

Looks at disability from 3 perspectives

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33
Q

What are the 3 perspectives of disability that the ICF looks at?

A
  1. Body (body function and structure)
  2. The individual (activities and participation)
  3. Society (environmental factors)
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34
Q

Describe “Body Function” according to the ICF.

A

Physiological functions of the body systems

35
Q

What previous term did “Body function” replace?

A

Disease

36
Q

Describe “Body Structure” according to the ICF.

A

Anatomical parts of the body: organs, limbs

  • Can involve an anomaly, defect, loss, deviation in body structure
  • Can be temporary, permanent, progressive, regressive or static
37
Q

What previous term did “Body structure” replace?

A

Impairment

38
Q

Describe “Activities & Participation” according to the ICF.

A

Activity: doing a task of action
Activity Limitation: difficulty an indiv. may have in executing activities
Participation: involvement in a life situation
Participation Restrictions: problems an indiv. may have in involvement of life situations

39
Q

What previous term did “Activities & Participation” replace?

A

Disability

40
Q

Describe “Environmental Factors” according to the ICF.

A

Organized into 2 levels

  1. Individual: immediate environment of the individual (home, work, school)
  2. Societal: formal/informal social structure, services & approach systems in the community or society (transportation, policies, attitudes, gov. agencies
41
Q

What previous term did “Environmental Factors” replace?

A

Handicap

42
Q

How did the ICF change the perception of disability?

A
  • Puts ‘health’ and ‘disability’ in a new light
  • Acknowledges that humans can experience decrements in health and experience some degree of disability
  • ‘mainstreams’ disability, universal human experience
  • Shifts the focus of disability from cause to impact
  • Considers environmental factors and how they affect functioning
43
Q

What is the take-home message of the ICF?

A

If activities can be changed/adapted so limitations are minimized/eliminated, disability no longer exists.

44
Q

What are the 2 things disability can be?

A

Congenital (born with it) or acquired (later in life)

45
Q

What are the most common congenital disabilities?

A

Intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, spina bifida

46
Q

What are the most common acquired disabilities?

A

Visual impairment, spinal cord injury

47
Q

What is a paradigm?

A
  • Generally accepted perspective of a particular topic or discipline at a given time
  • Set of assumptions, concepts, values
  • An accepted way of thinking that results in actions
48
Q

What are the 4 disability paradigms that have occurred throughout history?

A
  1. Facility Based
  2. Services Based
  3. Supports Based
  4. Empowerment
49
Q

When did the “Facility Based” paradigm occur?

A

Early 1900s

50
Q

What main ideas were associated with the “Facility Based” paradigm?

A
  • PWD were a menace
  • should be isolated from the general public
  • had very different needs from the typical population
51
Q

Based on the ideas of the “Facility Based” paradigm, what actions resulted?

A
  • Institutions
  • residential programs
  • special schools
  • education based on labels, rather than need
  • no treatments
  • corrective therapy as physical activity (ignored conditions that could not be corrected)
52
Q

When did the “Services Based” paradigm occur?

A

1950s-1960s

53
Q

Why did the “Services Based” paradigm come into play?

A

There was public outcry

  • unfair treatment of PWD
  • lack of support for veterans
  • research showed potential growth for those once thought to be uneducateable
  • belief that appropriate programming and skill development would lead to integration
54
Q

Based on the ideas of the “Services Based” paradigm, what actions resulted?

A

Special classes, resource rooms, sheltered workshops
mainstreaming
-Physical activity was about assistance not correcting
-A great move towards deinstitutionalization
-Well intended, but still isolated residential and vocational programs

55
Q

What is an institution?

A
  • any place where persons with ID are isolated
  • any place in which people don’t have control over their lives and day-to-day decisions
  • not defined merely by its size
56
Q

When did the “Supports Based” paradigm occur?

A

1970s-21st century

57
Q

What main ideas did the “Supports Based” paradigm involve?

A

-Made use of natural, human or technical supports to assist with inclusion

58
Q

What implementations did the “Supports Based” paradigm make?

A

Implementations of:

  • teaching assistants
  • peer support
  • use of computers
  • individualized physical activity that focuses on lifetime skill development
59
Q

What is inclusion?

A

Philosophy that everyone belongs, contributes & develops

-PWD no longer required to “earn their way” into schools, rec programs, community settings

60
Q

What do the “Facility Based”, “Services Based”, and “Supports Based” paradigms all have in common?

A

They all had an expert (professional) in charge

-Dependency models

61
Q

What are the main ideas behind the “Empowerment” paradigm?

A
  • Self-determination is personal power
  • make choices/decisions, responsibility, take risks, regulate learning, know strengths/weaknesses, live independently as possible
62
Q

Is “Empowerment” an individual process?

A

Yes, but it requires assistance
-one secures increased control over their life & positive changes in the abilities of the individual occur in conjunction with supportive change within the community

63
Q

What is the “Resistance Theory”?

A
  • Recognized the presence of power in social relations

- Understands how power is manifested through policy, support practices, inequities, & lack of accessibility

64
Q

What is “Contemporary APA (Adapted Physical Activity)”?

A
  • Cross disciplinary
  • it is a philosophy & attitude
  • Focuses on differences
  • advocacy
  • Characterized by adaptations to accommodate
  • Offers opportunities for independence & self-determination
65
Q

What does “Adapted” mean?

A

-Suggests that there are changes, modifications/adjustments that can be made to goals, objectives, instruction

66
Q

How does adaptation work?

A
  • Used to enhance learning, practice & enjoyment of physical activity, choice, & opportunity
  • Leads to empowerment
67
Q

Why is adapted physical education a myth?

A

No different from activities in good, individualized physical education programs

  • individualized
  • choice driven
  • encourage people of all abilities to engage and succeed
68
Q

What is a characteristic?

A

Highly stable individual quality

  • inborn trait
  • difficult/impossible to change
69
Q

What is variable?

A

Something that can be altered/changed

70
Q

What are the 3 kinds of characteristics?

A
  1. Emotional
  2. Behavioral
  3. Social
71
Q

What are the 7 guidelines for interaction?

A
  1. Don’t refer to disability
  2. Avoid “superman” stories
  3. Don’t sensationalize
  4. Avoid labels
  5. Person-first terminology
  6. Avoid emotional descriptors
  7. Avoid implying disease
72
Q

What is the importance of using words with dignity?

A

PWD should be described in words that portray them with dignity

73
Q

What 5 ways can you ensure that you are using words with dignity?

A
  1. A PWD is a person first (disability only needs to be discussed if relevant)
  2. Describe the person, not the disability
  3. You understand that pity/guilt don’t emphasize strengths
  4. PWD who achieve are human- not superhuman (avoid terms like courageous, etc.)
  5. Disabilities occur along a spectrum
74
Q

What is disability sport?

A

any sport conducted primarily for PWD

75
Q

What are mainstream sports?

A

Activities, events, settings where individuals with/without disabilities train, play, compete

76
Q

What is reverse mainstreaming?

A

Persons w/out disabilities competing in wheelchairs or disability sport

77
Q

What is able-body sport?

A

Sport for athletes w/out disabilities

78
Q

What are the Special Olympics?

A

Sport for athletes with intellectual disabilities

79
Q

What are the Paralympics?

A

Sport for elite athletes with disabilities (usually physical)

80
Q

What is Deaf Sport?

A

Sports offered by the deaf community

81
Q

What are wheelchair sports?

A

Sports played in wheelchairs for athletes with spinal paralysis/lower limb amputation

82
Q

Are Inclusion & Integration the same thing?

A

No, but if done right, they both look the same

83
Q

What are some barriers to inclusion?

A
  • Attitude (biggest barrier for PWD)
  • prejudice
  • stereotypes
  • discrimination
  • oppression

Kinesiology 120 (4 decks)

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