Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psych 2700 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Genetic mating system

A

Copulations outside of their social pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social mating system

A

Who or how your paired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lek

A

A traditional location were multiple males display for females, waiting to be selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explosive lek

A

Multiple dispersed locations for males to display for females, waiting to be selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sage grouse

A

Mating success in males has high variance few males meet with many females, while other males have very little copulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hotspot hypothesis

A

Males go where the females are. Doesn’t support the idea that females congregate for a reason other than lekking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hotshots hypothesis

A

Lesser males congregate around a superior male to get a peripheral attention - satellite behaviours. This can be supported, because if you remove the superior male, they will just warm to the next in line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crickets

A

Satellite males, who do not call hang around a male who can attempting to intercept females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Female preference

A

Females prefer to visit large group of males. It’s better for more females to show up to larger leks of males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monogamy

A

One male paired with one female, both socially and genetically meaning exclusive pair bonds. Happens in birds, some primates and termites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Serial monogamy

A

Moving from one monogamous relationship to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compatibility

A

Mutual mate choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Old field mice experiment

A

When a male mouse was given a choice between two females, the male had more reproductive success after choosing a female. When a new male was introduced to the same females, he chose different from the first.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Puerto Rican parrot experiment

A

Who won facility, paired mates, for genetic diversity, and another allow them to choose for themselves. The facility that chose for themselves had twice the reproductive success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polyandry

A

Females have multiple partners socially are genetically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polygyny

A

Males have multiple female partners, socially or genetically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetic polygamy in lekking

A

Some males meet with more than one female, increasing their reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Promiscuity

A

The lack of any kind of social mating system, no social pair bonds or male investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Promiscuous systems

A

When the males fitness increases after leaving mating, very little pair bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Horse shoe crab

A

Explosive breeding, when they gather in one spot, mate, then leave. Prevents predator satiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Monogamous systems have less what

A

Reproductive skew between males and females and sexual dimorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bateman gradient

A

Voluntary male monogamy is non-adaptive, males tend to stay with their mates, when the cost of finding another mate outweighs the benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mate guarding

A

Protecting their mate from being courted or taken by competitors, happens when it increases male fitness by remaining with the same female or female has extended fertility window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mate assistance

A

Increases fitness by helping raise their young. Ex. Male seahorses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Synchronous breeding
When breeding happens at the same time in a population
26
Ecology of monogamy
Common when resources are distributed more evenly, where one male can only defend for one mate vice versa
27
Barnacle geese
An example of how an individual who stays with their mate longer have greater lifetime reproductive success
28
Divorce
When a pair who could stay together choose to split. Birds do it opportunistically
29
Extra pair copulations (EPC)
EPC can result in extra pair fertilization’s [EPF]
30
What do EPF do?
Introduces more reproductive variance, increasing sexual selection, pressures, even in socially monogamous species
31
EPCs in females
According to the bateman gradient, it does not make sense for females to seek EPC’s because it can be more costly
32
Why do females pursue EPC’s
- In prairie dogs: females who mate more are likely to reach maximum reproductive viability. The more sex you have the more likely you are to get pregnant. - to divide parental responsibility - better genes
33
Polygamy
In any system, where one individual mates with multiple individuals
34
Social polygamy
Some males are mated to multiple females, leading to high reproductive variance
35
Female defence
One male defends, a group of females
36
Resource defence
A male defends a resource that a female needs so they have to come to him
37
Polygyny threshold model
Explains why females may choose to mate with a male who already has another mate rather than a sole mate of a single, unpaired male
38
Female defence polygyny
Males choose to defend clusters of females
39
Cooperative polyandry
When multiple males copulate with one female, and raise the offspring together
40
The cost and benefits of parental care
Increasing the survival rate and fitness of your offspring
41
Why male provide parental care
Providing care is less costly than not, higher survival rate of offspring, or when the cost for parental care is higher in females
42
Why do females provide parental care?
Females make a greater investment in the future via their offspring
43
The sunk cost fallacy
Whether a female stays or abandons has no effect on the amount of resources, time and energy she has invested previously
44
Parental favouritism in burying Beatles
Your mother doing something that favours the senior offspring more
45
Solitary breeding with no parental care
Males and females meet only to join their gametes and go their separate ways. Neither contributes parental care.
46
Solitary breeding with parental care
Social interactions may happen between parents and between parents and offspring.
47
Colonial breeding
involves pairing off within a larger population. Breeding pairs aggregate at a location.
48
Communal breeding
something like a shared nest
49
Cooperative breeding
is when the kids or relatives stick around to help raise the offspring. Usually, the helpers are previous offspring.
50
Eusociality
or superorganism - like colony insects, where reproduction is limited to a few individuals and the rest are non-reproductive workers. These groups can be very large. - evolves when cost is low and benefits are
51
Ideal free distribution
describes a situation in which animals are able to freely distribute themselves evenly according to the distribution of resources. If resources are clumped animals may clump
52
The Tragedy of the Commons
the temptation to exploit shared resources because theres no cost in doing so - cheaters will evolve and undermine group fitness
53
darwinian dilemma
selection eliminates behaviours that reduce an individuals reproduction
54
Aggregation
is a behaviour that provide benefits to cooperating individuals
55
Mobbing
when prey species are able to attack the predators in a group.
56
lifetime reproduction
the measurement of costs and benefits of social interaction
57
indirect benefits of helping
the survival of the offspring increases
58
direct costs of helping
inability to breed while helping reduces body weight in choughs
59
Seychelle warbler study
in saturated environments - birds are unable to disperse so its less costly to help in unsaturated environments - siblings dispersed into new territories rather than help raise kids at home
60
Robert Sapolsky
stress in baboons - more submissive baboons have increased levels of stress
61
Sequential assessment model
explains how animals decide the outcome of contests or fights through a series of escalating interactions
62
Altruism
permanent self-sacrifice of direct fitness to benefit another individual
63
Benefits of group living
foraging help Defend territory better Division in labour Change their environment Provide learning
64
Cheating
those who are detrimental to the common good
65
Costs of group living
- fighting - Disease and parasites - Tolerate dominant individuals Ex. The groove-billed anis - lay their eggs in a communal nest but other birds may destroy, bury, etc previously laid eggs - interference competition
66
Dilution effect
being in a bigger group when encountering a predator increases your rate of survival
67
Green beards
ex of how if altruistic genes were obvious you could fall victim to cheaters but also seek out one another to cooperate
68
Inclusive fitness theory (Hamilton’s rule)
d + rx > 0 Actor and recipient, altruism will spread through mutation. Basically, this model says that heritable altruism will spread when direct fitness consequences (d) are less than the benefits yielded to related individuals. d = the effect of the behaviour upon your direct fitness. If it’s a cost, the value is negative. r = the degree of relatedness (how many genes are held in common) * 1 would mean clones, basically. .5 would be siblings. x = the benefits to the recipient
69
Manipulation (policing)
policing a group for cooperation, social behaviour is imposed and enforced - cheaters are punished
70
Experiment of the pig tailed macaques
removed individuals that policed then pop. With their removal the pop. became more fragmented and less cohesive
71
Many eyes hypothesis
the more animals that are alert to predators, the more likely they are to detect them
72
Mutual benefit
cooperation reduced competition for both so they mutually benefit
73
One shot prisoners dilemma
Two prisoners arrested for the same crime, interrogators attempt to get them to sell each other out, rat them out (defect) or not (cooperate), either both cooperate for a light sentence, one is defect and goes free. So should they cooperate or defect?
74
Iterated Prisoners dilemma
A situation that allows repeated iterations explores how individuals should react to the actions of their partner.
75
Reciprocal cooperation
someone doing something for you so later you do something for them or vice versa- happens because cost is usually low, ex. vampire bats
76
Raising Kin
raised together Taking a taste - spadefoot toads Look like them
77
Relatedness
r in Hamiltons theory - the probability that a certain gene would be inherited, the closer you’re related the more likely
78
Selfish herding
attempting to be in the middle of the herd because the middle is less vulnerable to predation
79
Spite
harms both the actor and the recipient
80
Tit-for-tat
part of the prisoners dilemma, on your first turn you cooperate, subsequent turns you copy the opponents previous strats
81
Agression
conflict over resources
82
Agressive signals
asymmetric contests between competitors, fighting ability, motivation, dominance
83
Age and value of survival
Eggflys - younger animals who die in fights lose a lot of fitness whereas someone who is older doesn’t, older butterflies fight harder because they have less to lose
84
Agnostic behaviour
behaviour that mediates conflict
85
Dear enemies
territorial neighbours tolerate each other to a certain degree, unknown opponents are met with much more aggression
86
Dominance Hierarchies
establishing relationships and signals that mitigate the costs of fighting, both winners and losers benefit from not fighting. Limited to small pop. - in hens: the most dominant individual is the one performing the most aggressive acts
87
ESS
evolutionary stable strategy
88
Honest Signaling
signals animals use during conflicts to convey their true fighting ability or willingness to escalate a confrontation
89
Motivation
how badly an animal wants to win - Salamanders, the male is more willing to fight for longer dependent on the size of females
90
Owners advantage
the owner of the territory almost always wins because they have higher RHP and have more motivation to keep their territory
91
Resource holding potential
the ability to win an escalated fight, size matters
92
Cost of fighting
lose territory death
93
Winner effect
winning increases the probability of winner future
94
Loser effects
losing increase the probability of winning future fights
95
Bystander Effect
change in behaviour from observing others fight
96
Audience effect
Change in behaviour from being observed while fighting

psych 2700 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions