midterm 4 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Crypsis
A
The ability of an animal to remain undetected by other animals
2
Q
pepper moths
A
there are black and white pepper moths that can be cryptic based on the lichen on trees. pollution killed lichen causing the black moths to be cryptic then pollution laws caused the lichen to grow back and the white moths became cryptic. natural selection caused black moths to become better than after the laws the reverse happened
3
Q
visual crypsis
A
cryptic vs conspicuous
4
Q
Cryptic crypsis
A
you blend in the background
5
Q
conspicuous crypsis
A
not blending in the background
6
Q
Dilution effect
A
when theres more of you theres less of a chance to get preyed on
7
Q
the many eyes hypothesis
A
the bigger the group the more eyes there are to see predators
8
Q
chaotic dynamic
A
who is keeping watch at any one given time
9
Q
swim bladder
A
fish communicate through vibrating their swim bladder, which is then perceived as sound.
10
Q
elk and wolves
A
in an experiment where they compare birth rate vs survival of elks when theres no wolves vs the intro of wolves. The elk forage less with the presence wolves so then they repro less
11
Q
Sentinel behaviour
A
some individuals oversee being on the lookout
12
Q
confusion effect
A
the presence of the many makes it hard to focus on one
13
Q
Rosettes
A
all the lobsters put their butts in the middle and then they have their spiny antennae on the outside
14
Q
mesocosm expiriment
A
the bigger the lobster group size was, the more likely they were to survive
15
Q
domain of danger
A
the area in which that individual is the closest individual to an
unseen predator - the middle has less domain of danger
16
Q
bobwhite quail - coveys
A
There is an optimal group size, which is big enough to afford protection but also allow effective foraging. too big they leave, too small they try to find bigger
17
Q
tradeoff in larave
A
larvae will hatch early when theres a predator. the tradeoff is that they are small when they develop but they survived as larvae
18
Q
Deimatic
A
startle displays
19
Q
Protean
A
confuse predator ex. squid inking
20
Q
intimidation hypothesis
A
animals use certain signals, postures, or displays to intimidate or deter potential predators, rivals, or threats rather than engaging in physical confrontations
21
Q
deflection hypothesis
A
deflect or redirect attacks from predators away from vital body parts, thereby increasing the animal’s chance of survival
22
Q
examples of deflections
A
eye spots and false heads on butterflies
23
Q
types of alarm calls in smooth billed anis
A
chlurp
ahnee alarm
24
Q
chlurp signals what
A
flying predators
25
ahnee alarm signals what
terrestrial threat
26
screaming
can attract or startle predators - birds and rabbits scream
27
stotting
when an animal randomly bounces
functions: signal a predator, show social cohesion, cause confusion in predators, or pursuit defence signal
28
what is stotting's correct function
pursuit defence signal - basically telling predator they're too fit to be their prey
29
Aposematism
an animal develop traits (ex. colour) to show that they are toxic to prey
30
plasticine snake experiment
researchers used brown or tricoloured plasticine snakes, the soft material made it easy to see how many times the birds attacked the snake. tricolour snakes were attacked much less
31
mimicry complex
where one species evolves to resemble another, often to gain a survival advantage
32
Müllerian mimicry
two or more species that are harmful, toxic, or otherwise unpalatable evolve to resemble each other
33
Batesian mimicry
when a harmless species evolves to resemble a harmful one to gain protection from predators
34
when do mullerian mimics benefit
when theres a high density of them
35
when do batesian mimics benefit
when there are more models around them
36
examples of a batesian mimic
a fruit fly mimicking a jumping spider
burrowing owl mimicking the sound of a rattle snake
37
caudal autotomy
a defensive behavior in which an animal voluntarily sheds its tail to escape from predators
38
feigning death
a defensive behaviour in which an animal appears to be dead to avoid predation
39
Homology
refers to the similarity between characteristics or traits of different species that result from shared ancestry
40
analogy
refers to traits or features that appear similar between species, but which have evolved independently due to similar environmental pressures or functional requirements, rather than from a shared ancestry
41
comparative method
a research approach used to study the similarities and differences among species to understand evolutionary processes, functional adaptations, and the underlying mechanisms of various biological traits
42
what are some of the signal modalities
light, sound, vibrations,
chemicals
43
what colour wavelengths are reflected
red or infrared
44
Hue on a graph
where the peak of the reflected light is
45
Saturation on a graph
how narrow the curve is
46
Visual signal production
refers to the use of visual cues or signals by animals to communicate with each other or with other species
47
pigments
chemicals that have a particular light absorption
48
Carotenoids
are a type of pigment, usually oranges, reds, and yellows. come from diet, useful signals, signals health
49
Melanins
pigments synthesized in the body; blacks, greys, and browns
50
structural colours
blue, violet, ultraviolet, white
51
what is the cause of structural colours
the size of the gaps in the matrix of keratin interacts with different wave lengths changing its reflection and saturation
52
sound
a wave of pressure that travels through a medium
53
how does sounds travel
through alternating periods of condensation and rarefaction (pressure).
54
amplitude
loudness - perceived by the difference pressures of peaks
55
wavelength
frequency/pitch - the distance from peak to peak
56
harmonics
frequencies that form tight, regularly spaced peaks. integer multiples of a fundamental frequency
57
formants
are certain frequencies that are amplified by the shape of the resonator. in speech resonator = mouth/throat
58
reading a spectrogram
is the frequency of a sound (y axis) over time (x axis). The third axis (the darkness of the spectrogram) represents amplitude. So what you’re seeing is the amplitude of
certain frequencies over time.
59
audiogram shows what
the sensitivity thresholds of
hearing of different frequencies in different animals
60
what can happen to sound in dif environments
it can degrade
61
Global attenuation
the overall drop in sound energy
62
Frequency-dependant attenuation
environments degrades specific frequencies. Some
frequencies travel better.
63
Reverberation
the lingering effect caused by sound bouncing off of stuff in the environment.
64
acoustic adaptations
animals have the ability to adapt to their environment by creating signals that are resistant to degradation
65
active space
is the space in which a signal can act, limited by global attenuation
66
environment and frequency
animals who live in more dense environment (ex. forest) use lower frequency than animals who live in open environments (ex. fields) who use higher frequencies
67
Anthropogenic noise
refers to any sound generated by human activities that disrupts the natural acoustic environment
68
Anthropogenic noise causes?
animals to have to change their frequency songs to communicate better
69
properties of olfactory communication
slow
non-directional
non-spectral
ancient and widespread
70
Volatility affects what
duty cycle and active space
71
duty cycle
duration of a signal
72
olfactory signals are best for
marking territory, leaving a trail, and identification
73
vibrational communication
a discrete way of communicating between individuals of the same species
74
electrical communication
only occurs in fish, used for electrolocation
75
honest signalling
refers to the transmission of signals between individuals in a way that accurately reflects the sender's intentions, traits, or condition.
76
cheap talk
signals that don’t have any guarantee of reliability
77
Zahavi’s handicap principal
provides an explanation for how honest signaling can evolve in animal communication, particularly in situations like mate selection, where individuals signal their quality to others.
78
what signals can be costly
sexual signals produced by males
convention - the way that a signal is treated
79
Conventional costs
refers to the energetic, physiological, or ecological costs associated with behaviors or traits that animals use
80
index signals
refer to signals that are directly tied to a specific, honest physical characteristic or condition of the animal that cannot easily be faked
81
vulnerability costs
refer to the risks or increased susceptibility to negative outcomes (ex. predation) that come with certain things
82
unreliable signals
refer to signals that do not accurately reflect the sender's true condition, status, or abilities, or are easy to manipulate or deceive
83
deceit
signal deviates from the typical relationship and characteristics of sender or environment benefitting the sender
84
affect induction
refers to the process of influencing or inducing specific emotional states or feelings in animals, often as a result of environmental stimuli or social interactions.
85
eavesdropping
when other animals other than the recipient intercept and interpret signals
86
intraspecific eavesdropping
refers to the ability of one individual of a species to listen in on or observe the communication signals of the same species
87
Interspecific eavesdropping
refers to a phenomenon where individuals of one species listen to or intercept the signals of another species
88
Direct influence in animal communication
refers to the ways in which animals influence the behavior, emotions, or actions of other animals through direct and often intentional signals or cues.
89
The informational approach in animal communication
focuses on how animals transmit and receive information, with an emphasis on understanding the content and purpose of signals
90
prey model of foraging
Currency - amount of food/time
Strategy - either add a prey another prey type to the diet or to not
Constraints - time, energy, accessibility
Going for the most high quality prey is optimal but based on the amount of prey, the more the more narrow diet
91
patch model of foraging
currency- optimal food intake
strategy- to stay or leave environment
constraint - prey density and rate of return
when is the optimal time to move on, rate of return decreases when prey is less dense
tau - time of moving between enviro
>tau = longer time at each spot, as travel time increases so does time spent in enviro
92
risk sensitive foraging
animals choose a risky strategy when they are in an energetic need
patch a: low risk
patch b: high risk
93
types of currencies
nutrients, predation, sampling
94
nutrients
like protein, or essential vitamins might be highly valued.
95
predation
Looking out for a predator makes it harder to look for food.
96
sampling
trying a new prey or food
97
Bayes’ theorem
integrating new information with old information
98
search image
ability to find prey improves the more you search
99
adaptations for foraging
search image
tool use
traps
caching
farming
100
leaf cutter ants
leaf cutter ants dont eat the leaves they collect, they take parts of leave and give it to the fungus, they then eat the fungus
101
cooperative hunting
refers to the behaviour where individuals of the same or different species collaborate to locate, pursue, and capture prey.
102
Aggressive mimicry
a form of mimicry in which a harmful organism imitates a harmless species to deceive its prey
103
echolocation
a biological process used by certain animals to navigate, locate objects, and hunt by emitting sound waves and interpreting the returning echoes.
104
the terminal buzz
a rapid series of high-frequency echolocation calls produced by animals, particularly bats and toothed whales, as they close in on their prey during hunting
105
Kleptoparasitism
is a form of feeding behaviour where one animal steals food or other resources that another animal has procured or prepared.
106
the dancing language of honeybees
a sophisticated form of communication used by worker bees to convey information about the location of food sources, water, or potential nest sites
107
waggle dance
communicate the angle and distance of a food source to the other bees, based on the angle from the sun
