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Ecology (BISC 204) > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of ecological interaction is parasitism?

A

+/- interaction

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2
Q

What is parasitism?

A

The use of another organism as a resource while they are still alive.

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3
Q

Do parasites cause death?

A

They cause harm but not immediate death

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4
Q

How many parasites are there on earth?

A

Parasites may outnumber free-living species 4:1

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5
Q

What are hosts?

A
  • both a food and a habitat

- tightly associated with their parasites (opportunity for co-evolution)

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6
Q

What are the ecological and evolutionary responses of a host to their parasite?

A

Ecological: immunity
Evolutionary: resistance

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7
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

-host where parasite reaches sexual maturity

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8
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

-host where a parasite may grow, develop or reproduce asexually

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9
Q

What are examples of micro parasites?

A

-viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi

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10
Q

What are the traits of a micro parasite?

A
  • reproduce in a host
  • found within cells, blood or guts of host
  • short generation time
  • many individuals
  • usually need high host densities to persist
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11
Q

What are examples of macroparasites?

A
  • parasitic worms
  • lice
  • fleas
  • ticks
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12
Q

What are traits of macroparasites?

A
  • found in cavities, between cells, or on the surface of the body
  • may use more than one host
  • longer generation time
  • chronic re-infection possible
  • endo and ectoparasites
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13
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

-infection passed from mother to offspring

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14
Q

What is horizontal transmission? What are the types of horizontal transmission?

A
  • all other mechanisms other than vertical
  • direct: host to host
  • indirect: usually a third party involved (vector)
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15
Q

What is a vector?

A

-an organism that carries the parasite between hosts

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16
Q

What are the individual effects of parasites on hosts?

A
  • reproduction

- mortality (directly and via predators)

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17
Q

What are population effects of parasites on hosts?

A
  • cause mass mortalities
  • depress growth rates and population size
  • can drive population cycles
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18
Q

What is a disturbance?

A

Abrupt change in the ecosystem, community or population structure and resource availability, substrate availability or the physical environment

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19
Q

What is succession?

A
  • directional change in community composition or structure overtime following a disturbance
  • progress from pioneer species to a climax community
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20
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance, and in newly formed habitats
(No plants or organic soil)

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21
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Occurs after disturbances that remove plants, but the soil and nutrients remain (moves away from climax community)

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22
Q

How do you study succession?

A
  • collect data at regular intervals following a disturbance
  • experimentally induce disturbance or create ‘new habitat’ and monitor species colonization
  • do chronosequencing
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23
Q

What is chronosequencing?

A

-when you compare communities in the same location with different ‘start times’

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24
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

-adapted and able to survive as first colonists

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25
Q

What is a climax community?

A
  • final group of species
  • end point of succession
  • assumed to be stable (until next disturbance)
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26
Q

What are endemic species?

A

-those found only in a single area

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27
Q

What does the species area curve show?

A

-bigger islands have more species than small islands

Occurs in other “island like” habitats

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28
Q

What is the species area curve equation?

A

S=c*A^z

C is constant
(Z is slope) (~0.3 on most islands)(~0.15 for land areas)

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29
Q

How is island richness determined?

A

-by colonization and extinction rates

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30
Q

When does species richness decrease?

A
  • with isolation

- the more isolated islands are the less likely they are to receive colonists

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31
Q

What were the results of simberloff and Wilson’s island experiment?

A
  • species richness on islands returned to levels similar to before defaunation
  • closer, larger islands had more species
  • precise species identity was not consistent, only the total number of species
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32
Q

What are metapopulations?

A
  • collection of sub populations of 1 species
  • proportion of sites occupied is determined by colonization and extinction rates at each site
  • individual site dynamics are variable, but overall ‘metapopulation’ is stable
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33
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A
  • all of the interacting parts of the biological and physical worlds
  • a spatially explicit unit of the earth that includes all of the organisms, along with all components of the abiotic environment within its boundaries
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34
Q

What is ecosystem ecology?

A

-the study of natural systems from the standpoint of the flow of energy and the cycling of matter

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35
Q

What is energy conservation?

A

Energy can be neither created or destroyed

36
Q

What is mass conservation?

A

-mass can be neither created or destroyed

37
Q

What is the equation for mass balance approach for ecosystems?

A

Inputs= Outputs + Storage

38
Q

What is Gross PPR?

A

Rate at which energy is captured and assimilated in an area

39
Q

What is Net PPR?

A

-rate at which energy is assimilated and converted into producer biomass in an area

40
Q

What is ecological efficiency?

A

% of the net production moving from one trophic level to the next

41
Q

What is assimilation efficiency?

A

-how much energy (%) is assimilated compared to the amount ingested

42
Q

What are production efficiencies?

A

The % of energy ingested that is used for growth

43
Q

What are the approximate ecological efficiencies?

A

~5-20% per trophic level

44
Q

What are energy traits of small streams?

A
  • closed in by canopy
  • low light, low primary production
  • energy primarily terrestrial
  • allochthonous (other/different production)
45
Q

What are energy traits of big rivers?

A
  • large and sunny
  • lots of primary production
  • terrestrial inputs are small
  • autochthonous (self production)
46
Q

What do nitrogen fixers do?

A
  • move nitrogen out of the atmosphere and into the biosphere in forms that are biologically available (NH3)
  • critically important to succession following a disturbance
47
Q

What is driving climate change?

A

Increases in greenhouse gas emissions

48
Q

What is phenology?

A

The study of the timing of life cycle events

49
Q

What are some examples of phenology?

A
  • timing of bud burst in the spring
  • timing of northern migration of birds in spring
  • timing of leaf drop in the fall
50
Q

What is happening as changes in phenology occur at different rates between species?

A

-some ecological interactions are becoming decoupled in time and space

51
Q

What happens when predators and prey are matched?

A

Survival of the predator is high and recruitment is high

52
Q

What is the match/mismatch hypothesis?

A
  • if predators and prey become out of sync the survival of the predator is low and recruitment is low
  • can occur as a result of climate change driven shifts in phenology
53
Q

What are some assumptions of the match/mismatch hypothesis?

A
  • predators and prey must have pulsed abundance
  • the mismatch must occur at a limiting life history stage for it to limit population productivity
  • food must be limiting at that life stage
54
Q

What is the salmon example of the match/mismatch hypothesis?

A
  • increased survival through early marine period means that there will be an increased number of adult returns
  • food is limiting
  • species outmigration is happening at different rates
  • zooplankton blooms are highly variable across years and are getting earlier in the year with climate change
55
Q

How are pathogen or parasite abundance maintained?

A

-maintained if there are other hosts to act as reservoirs for the parasite

56
Q

What is the bumblebee example of indirect mortality from pathogens and parasites?

A
  • bumblebees infested with protozoan parasite crithida bombi have weakened abilities to recognize rewarding flowers based on their colour
  • this causes them to be worse foragers
57
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

The farming of aquatic organisms

58
Q

What is sea lice?

A
  • native ectoparasites to BC
  • fee on the surface tissue and mucus of fish
  • salmon farms act as year round reservoirs for lice
59
Q

What is the hydrologic cycle?

A

Provides a physical model of element cycling in ecosystems

60
Q

What are the largest pools in the hydrologic cycle?

A
  • > 98% water content in oceans

- second largest pool of water is in sedimentary rocks near the earths surface

61
Q

Where are the largest pools in the carbon cycle?

A

-limestone and dolomite

62
Q

How are nutrients distributed in ash and oak forests?

A

-large amounts of phosphorous and nitrogen are stored in the soil

63
Q

What is the distribution of nutrients in tropical forests?

A
  • phosphorus and nitrogen are stored in living vegetation

- very little amount in soil

64
Q

Why are mycorrhizae important in nutrient recycling?

A
  • theirs associations with plants enhances their abilities to extract nutrients from the environment
  • secrete enzymes into surrounding soil mobilizing mineral nutrients
65
Q

What happens when you clear cut a deciduous forest?

A
  • can cause the ecosystem to become ‘leaky’ and especially loose a large amount of nitrogen
  • can cause implications for aquatic ecosystems downstream
66
Q

What controls nutrient recycling in lakes?

A
  • regeneration from sediments and deep water layers
  • consumer based recycling
  • vertical stratification (impedes nutrient mixing from deep water)
67
Q

What controls nutrient recycling in oceans?

A
  • regeneration from sediments and deep water layers

- consumer based recycling

68
Q

What hinders the vertical mixing of water?

A

-the vertical mixing of water from the sediment to the surface can be hindered whenever surface waters have a different temperature and therefore a different density than that found in deep waters

69
Q

What causes a lake to mix? (Vertical mixing)

A

-when temperatures become equal, spring and fall winds that blow along the surface of the lakes cause the entire lake to mix

70
Q

What causes ocean water to circulate?

A
  • sunlight can slowly cause the surface waters to evaporate and leave salt behind
  • at some point, the surface water becomes saltier than deeper water and the surface water sinks
71
Q

What are major drivers of NPP?

A
  • temperature

- precipitation

72
Q

What happens when an ecosystem receives too much precipitation?

A
  • the ecosystem will experience a decline in NPP

- nutrients leach away from the soil and the rates of decomposition are reduced because of waterlogged soils

73
Q

What nutrients constrain NPP?

A
  • nitrogen

- phosphorus

74
Q

Where does a large amount of the energy and nutrients in a small stream come from?

A

-in the form of allochthonous inputs such as dead leaves that drop from the surrounding terrestrial environment

75
Q

What is a mass extinction?

A

> 75% of species become extinct in 2 million years

76
Q

What are the major drivers of biodiversity loss?

A
  1. Exploitation
  2. Invasive/exotic species
  3. Land modification
  4. Appropriation of fresh waters
  5. Nutrient pollution
  6. Contaminant pollution
  7. Stratospheric ozone depletion
  8. Climate warming
77
Q

What is serial depletion?

A

-start with the biggest organism, and when it gets depleted we move on to the next largest organism

78
Q

What is the danger of introduced species?

A

-have the potential to cause widespread effects on native species and ecosystems

79
Q

How fast is soil eroding?

A

-globally, soil is eroding ~5x higher than it is being replaced

80
Q

What happen is during irrigation in deserts?

A
  • irrigation can turn deserts into productive farmland
  • accumulation of dissolved salts in water concentrate in irrigated soils
  • causes the soil to be less productive
81
Q

What happens on coasts near highly urbanized areas?

A

-high algae outbreaks due to increased nutrient accumulation

82
Q

What are the biological impacts of climate change?

A
  1. Advance of spring events (bud burst, migration, breeding)
  2. Poleward range shifts (expansions of warm-adapted communities)
  3. Can disrupt predator-prey and insect-plant interaction
  4. Shifts in abundance’s/range of parasites, and their vectors are beginning to influence human disease dynamics
  5. Evolutionary responses can’t keep up
83
Q

What is the goal of the IPCC?

A

-to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

84
Q

What are the characteristics of a early successional plant?

A
  • many seeds
  • small seed size
  • dispersal by wind
  • long seed viability
  • rapid growth rate
  • small side
  • low shade tolerance
85
Q

What are the characteristics of a late successional plant?

A
  • few seeds
  • large seed size
  • dispersal by gravity
  • short seed viability
  • slow growth rate
  • large mature size
  • high shade tolerance
86
Q

How does species diversity change with latitudinal gradients?

A

-higher species richness at low latitudes

87
Q

What are some hypotheses for the latitudinal gradients in species diversity?

A
  • time since glaciation/major disturbance

- energy due to constant climate, highest solar radiation flux, greatest rates of plant production

Ecology (BISC 204) (3 decks)

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