Midterm 3 - Chapter 11 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
define
emotions
A
an immediate specific positive or negative response to an environmental event or internal thoughts
2
Q
define
moods
A
diffuse, long lasting emotional states with no trigger that can influence thoughts and behavior
3
Q
define
feelings
A
the subjective experience of the emotion
4
Q
list
three components of emotion
A
- physiological
- cognitive
- behavioral
5
Q
define
physiological component
of emotion
A
bodily arousal
Fast pathway: input → thalamus → amygdala → fear
Slow pathway: input → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → expression
6
Q
define
cognitive component
of emotion
A
subjective cognitive experience of emotion, dependenton cognitive appraisals and interpretations
7
Q
define
behavioral component
of emotion
A
characteristic overt expressions, facial and body language
8
Q
define
Discrete Emotions Theory
A
humans experiene a small number of distinct emotions (that can combine in complex ways) with biological roots
- each emotion has a distinct “motor program”
- emotional reactions precede thoughts
9
Q
define
Common Sense Approach
emotion
A
stimulus -> subjective feeling -> autonomic arousal
10
Q
describe
James-Lange Theory
A
the perception of autonomic arousal results in conscious perception of emotion
stimulus -> distinct arousal -> subjective feeling
this theory assumes each emotion has distinct patterns of arousal
11
Q
list
Criticisms of James-Lange Theory
A
- physical arousal can occur without emotions
- some physical changes are too slow to precede conscious experience of emotion
- Emotions such as fear, joy, surprise, and anger all experience similar autonomic arousal
12
Q
describe
Canon-Bard Theory
A
subcortical brain activity simultaneously sends signals to the cortex (feelings) and to the autonomic nervous system (arousal)
stimulus -> thalamus -> arousal & feeling
13
Q
describe
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
A
- common pattern of arousal
- cognitive interpretation of arousal (mainly unconsciously) based on the environment
stimulus -> common arousal -> interpretation -> feeling or fear
14
Q
describe
Capilano Bridge Study results
A
When approached by an attractive woman on a tall vs short bridge, men on the tall bridge were more likely to interpret their arousal as attraction
15
Q
define
emotional sensitivity vs emotional regulation
i dont actually get this one send help
A
some people respond faster and some slower to emotions, can either up or down regulate
16
Q
define
Emotional Regulation
A
How individuals control which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience them
17
Q
define
Situational Selection
emotional regulation
A
approaching or avoiding situations in order to rgulateour emotions, a future-focused technique
18
Q
define
Situational Modification
emotional regulation
A
modifying extermal, physical environments in order to change a potentially emotion-eliciting situation
19
Q
define
Attentional Deployment
emotional regulation
A
Directing attention within a given situation to influence one’s emotions
20
Q
list
Three methods of attentional deployment
A
- distraction
- concentration
- rumination
21
Q
define
Cognitive Change
emotional regulation
A
cognitively transforming the situation to alter its negative impact
22
Q
list
two methods of cognitive change
A
- Positive reapprasial
- downward social comparison
23
Q
define
Response Modulation
emotional regulation
A
occurs late in the emotion generative process, after response tendencies are present
1. modulation of behavior
2. modulation of physical responses
24
Q
define + list
Primary Emotions
A
emotions universally recognized
joy, surprise, contempt, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, (+pride!)
25
# define
Secondary Emotions
emotions that are generated from primary ones across different ranges
26
# describe
Darwin and Facial Expressions
animals have similar expressions, therefore emotions are adaptive responses that evolved as mechanisms through natural selection
27
# define
Universality hypothesis
expressions have the same meaning for everyone
28
# describe
evolution and disgust
| facial expression
closes nostrils and purses lips
- prevents unpleasant smells from entering
- decreases chances of disgusting things being eaten
29
# describe
evolution and fear
widens eyes and intakes a breath
- intake more information and prepare to run
30
# describe
evolution and nonverbal communication
- asserting dominance rather than fighting
- smiling reduces aggression, increases affiliation
- sadness + crying leads to empathy and support
31
# describe
evolution and guilt/embarrassment
- repairs and maintains relationships
- represents submission and affiliation
- nonverbal apology
32
# name
Fake vs Real Smile
Duchenne: real
Pan Ann: fake
33
# true or false
Fear and Anger have the exact same physiological response
False! heart rate increases for both, but fear also slows down the digestive system
34
# define
display rules
rules that govern how and when people exhibit their emotions
35
What contributes to display rules?
- when is the expression situationally suitable
- learned through socialization
- cultural differences
- individual differences
36
# list
Gender Differences
| of emotion
1. women tend to display emotions more frequently, intensely, and easily
2. women report more intense emotions
3. women are better at articulating their emotions
37
# define
Unconscious influences on emotions
variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings
38
# define
Automatic Generation
behaciors and emotion can be produced automatically, and subliminal exposure can influence mood
39
# define
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
you're likely to feel emotions that correspond with your facial expressions
| could be due to classical conditiong
40
# define
Nonverbal Leakage
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
41
# define
Illustrators
gestures that highlight or accentuate speech
42
# define
Manipulators
Gestures where one body part touches another, such as hair twirling
43
44
# define
Emblems
gestures with conventional cultural meanings, such as waving and nodding
45
# define
proxemics
study of personal space
46
# list
levels of distance
| 4
1. public distance
2. social distance
3. personal distance
4. intimate distance
47
# define
Motivation
process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior
48
# define
Instinct
| instinct theory of motivation
inherited predispoition to a behavior when exposed to a particular stimulus
| Charles Darwin - instincts motivate our behavior
49
# describe
Modern Day Evolutionary Theory
| motivation
the adaptive significance of behavior is key to undrstanding motivation
| need for affiliation = survival in numbers
50
# define
Homeostatsis
| Drive Theories
a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body likes to maintain
51
# list
Three requirements for Drive Theories
| motivation
1. mechanism to recognize our stae
2. mechanism to change our state back to homeostasis
3. control center
52
# define
Drive Theory
| motivation
physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives which lead to internal tension that motivates and organism to reduce the tension
53
# define
Incentive Theories
| motivation
a "pull" of external stimuli and how stimuli with high incentive value can motivate behavior, even without a biological need
54
# define
Expectancy (x value) Theory
| motivation
motivation is determined by:
1. strength of expectations that behavior will lead to a goal
2. value placed on the goal
| motivation = expectations x incentive value
55
# define
3 Psychological needs of Self-Determination Theory
| motivation
1. competence: master skills
2. autonomy: freedom of choice
3. relatedness: interpersonal relationships
56
# list
Hierarchy of Needs
| top to bottom
1. Self-Actualization
2. Esteem
3. Belonging
4. Safety
5. Physiological needs
| deficiency needs* must be fulfilled in order to reach becoming needs
## Footnote
Deficiency needs: bottom 4
Becoming needs: self-actualization
57
# define
Need for Achievement
| motives to achieve
relatively stable personality trait that represents the desire to accomplish tasks and attain excellence
58
# list
Two Motives to Achieve
1. Motivation for success
2. Motivation to avoid failure
59
# list
Two types of goals
| Why do some people give up during setbacks?
1. Performance Goals
2. Mastery (learning) Goals
60
# list
Causes for rising obesity
1. increased abundance of fast and processed food
2. wide-spread consumptionof high-sugar, high-caloric drinks
3. sharp decline in exercise and activity levels
4. increased portion size of food and drink
5. abundance of highly varied foods
61
# discuss
Stomach Growling/Hunger Pains
- correlation between hunger and contractions
- could be a result of conditioning
- people with no stomach/nerve problems still feel pangs
62
# discuss
Lateral Hypothalamus
| role in hunger
"hunger center"
- Damaged: won't eat
- Stimulated: won't stop eating
63
# discuss
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
| role in hunger
"Satiety Center'
- Damaged: continuously eating
- Stimulated: won't eat
64
# discuss
Ghrelin
| role in hunger
horomone from stomach to hypothalamus saying "Im hungry"
65
# discuss
Leptin
| role in hunger
horomone going from fat cells to hyothalamus saying "i'm full"
| leptin issues lead to hypothesis
66
# discuss
genetics and body mass
- make up 40-70% of the variation
- over 200 contributing genes
67
# disucss
Unit Bias
| motivation to eat
tendency to view a unit of food as an appropriate amount (ex. a banana, one scoop of ice cream)
68
# discuss
Studies on Unit Bias
| Motivation to eath
- bottomless bowl study
- container size studies
69
# discuss
Proximity
| motivation to eat
people eat more when food is close and visible
70
# discuss
Variety
| motivation to eat
people eat more when there's greater variety, different foods have different nutrients
71
# discuss
Eating with Others
| Motivation to Eat
we eat more the more people that we're with
| eat less if someone unfamiliar - want to make a good impression
72
# discuss
mood
| motivation to eat
people lean towards unhealthy food when sad
73
# discuss
Cultural and Cognitive Factors
| motivation to eat, men and women
- ideal body types change over time
- Women: ideals are skewed to thinner side
- Men: ideals are skewed to the more muscular side
74
# discuss
Anorexia Nervosa
| eating disorders
an eating disorder characterized by lack of energy intake, fear of gaining weight, and skewed perception of weight
75
# discuss
Effects of Anorexia
loss of periods, hair loss, heart problems, electrolyte imbalances, fragile bones
76
# discuss
Bulimia Nervosa
| eating disorders
an eating disorder characterizing by reccurent episodes of binge eating followed by purging, where the patient determines their self-worth through their body image
| purging is reinforcement
77
# discuss
effects of Bulimia
heart problems, tears to esophagus, wear of enamel
78
# discuss
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
compulsive exercise, steroid abuse
79
# list
Three Major Factors of Attraction
1. Proximity, physical nearness
2. Similarity, how much we have in common
3. Reciprocity, the rule of give and take
| (plus bonus physical attraction)
80
Why do people prefer more average faces?
- more symmetrical
- may reflect abscence of genetic mutations + abnormalities
- maybe people just like average things
81
# discuss
Evolutionary POV of Love
- males have many sperm and want to maximize the chance of them fertilizing an egg
- women only have a few eggs, so they want to find someone who can take care of their offspring
82
# discuss
Social Role Theory of love
Based upon traditional societal roles
Females held lower status – value financially stable men
Overtime these roles have shifted, and so have preferences
83
# list + define
Two Types of Love
1. Passionate: passionate longing for one's partner
2. Companionate: deep sense of friendship and longing for one's partner
84
# discuss
Triangular Theory of Love
- intimacy
- passion
- commitment
combine to form seven varieties of love
85
# discuss
"Exotic becomes Erotic"
| sexuality
nonconforming children feel different and estranged from their peers and perceive their same-sex peers as unfamiliar and erotic
- This is because the autonomic nervous system becomes aroused in those situations, later becoming attraction
| could be a consequence, not a cause
86
# disucss
Hormonal Influences
| sexuality
too much or too little testosterone in the womb may impact temperament and sexuality
87
# discuss
brothers...
| Sexuality
33% inc in chance to be gay per older brotehr
88
# discuss
Other findings on sexuality
- changes in hypothalamus
- corpus callosum bigger
| subjects were AIDS deaths + lifestyle changes could be the cause
89
# True or False:
we are great at detecting lying
False! it's basically a 50/50 for your average joe
90
# define
Pinocchio Response
| Lying
a perfect physiological or behavioral indication of lying
91
# describe
Polygraph Test
measures blood pressure, respiration, and skin conductance in response to:
1. relevant questions
2. irrelevant questions
3. control questions
92
What triggers a lie in polygraph tests?
ANS activity after relevant questions > control and irrelevant questions
93
# explain
Are polygraphs accurate?
- high rate of false positive
- confuses arousal with guilt
94
# describe
Guilty Knowledge Test
based on the assumption that criminals have knowledge that others dont
- involves MCQs where one of the answers has a crime detail, measures arousal
95
# discuss
Accuracy of GKT
- low in false positives
- high in false negatives
- people sometimes forget detaisl
96
# describe
Brain Fingerprinting (scanning)
measuring brain waves aget each object in the GKT
97
# define
Positive Psychology
a discipline that has sought ot emphasize human strengths
98
# list
Misconceptions of Happiness
1. the prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us
2. Money makes us happy
3. Happiness declines in old age
4. people on the west coast are happiest
99
# describe
Factors Causing Happiness
- 1/2 of happiness is genetic
- marriage, friends, uni, religigon, political affilation, exercise, gratitude, giving, flow
- Happiness set point: we tend to return to a base level of happiness
100
# define
Defensive Pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes, which encourages people with this mindset to work harder
101
# define
Broaden and Build Theory
| happiness
happiness helps us see the big picture + seek more opportunities
102
# define
Affective Forecasting
| and are we good it at it?
predicting our own and others' happiness
| we are trash
103
# define
Thinking Errors that explain our trashness at Afftective forecasting
- Durability Bias: belief that moods will last longer than they do
- Hedonic Treadmill: tendency for moods to adapt to external circumstances (we return to a happiness set point)
