Midterm 3 - Chapter 14 Flashcards
Personality (123 cards)
1
Q
define
Personality
A
a set of physiological traits and mechanisms that are organized and enduring, that influence interactions with the environment
2
Q
list
Clues through which personality is revealed
A
- thoughts (beliefs, values, expectations)
- feelings (emotions, passions)
- behaviors (actions, what you do)
3
Q
define
Distinctiveness
A
how individuals vary
4
Q
define
Consistency
A
the idea that people behave similarly accross situations
5
Q
describe
Genetic Factors
personality
A
genes are an indirect influence on certain prsonality traits, but the environment influences how these traits play out in our lives
6
Q
describe
Molecular Genetic Studies
personality
A
investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Two assumptions:
1. genes code for proteins that influence neurotransmitters
2. the functioning of neurotransmitters is associated with personality traits
associations between novelty thinking and genes influencing dopamine
7
Q
describe
Shared Environmental Factors
personality
A
experiences that make members with in a family more alike
- little or no role in adult personality
- role in childhood personality which dissipates overtime
8
Q
describe
Nonshared Environmental Factors
personallity
A
experiences that make members within a family less alike
9
Q
define
Trait
A
a relatively stable dispostion to behave in a particular and consistent way
10
Q
define
Factor Analysis
A
statistical procedure based on correlation to determine similar and dissimilar traits, thereby defining overarching factors
11
Q
What is the purpose of trait theories?
A
trait theories describe individual differences in personality rather than explain their causes
12
Q
define
Self-Report Inventories
A
personality tests that ask individuals to answer questions about their own traits
13
Q
list
Strengths of Self-Report Inventories
3
A
- more objective and precise estimates
- allows comparisons between data generated by many respondents
- can determine relaibility and valididty
14
Q
lisr
Weaknesses of Self-Report Inventories
3
A
- deliberate deception
- social desirability bias
- response sets
15
Q
discuss
Basis of the Five Factor Model
A
- uses a lexical approach
- uses implicit personality theories
16
Q
list
The Big Five
hint: OCEAN
A
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
17
Q
describe
Openness to Experience
A
- curiosity, flexibility, imaginative, deep thinker, creative
- more tolerant of ambiguity, less prejudice, liberal, hobbyful
18
Q
describe
Conscientiousness
A
- reliable, disciplined, punctual, diligent, well-organized
- live longer, better job performance
19
Q
describe
Extraversion
A
- outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious
- happier, more optimistic, popular, better dating lives
also known as “positive emotionality”
20
Q
describe
Agreeableness
A
- cooperative, considerate, trusting, modest, sympathetic
- less divorce and better health
21
Q
describe
Neuroticism
A
- tense, anxious, hostile, insecure, vulnerable, self-conscious
- interpret same events as stressful, have larger reactions
- worse health
22
Q
Cultural Changes and Additions to the big Five
A
Big Six: addition of wicked/stupid
Hexaco: “honesty-humility”
4 Factor: based on Chinese language, need social and interpersonal traits + added in “Chinese tradition” factor
Study from Bolivia – found two dimensions
Pro sociality
Industriousness
Big Three: fearfulness, extroversion, neuroticism
Big Two (??): extroversion/dominance and agreeableness/love
23
Q
describe
Individualism
A
individualist cultures tend to focus on themselves and personal goals, leading to higher self-esteem
24
Q
describe
Collectivism
A
collectivitst cultures tend to focus on relations with others, causing personality to be less predictive of behavior
25
# list
Strengths of the Big Five
1. describes differences between people
2. can predict behaviors and out comes
3. can be used to design tailored interventions
26
# discuss
Cosmetic Psychopharmacology
- drugs and medication can change our personality to be more "desirable"
- conflicts with the fact that negative emotions exist for survival
27
# define
Mean Level Change
examines if a group of people experience an increase or decrease on trait dimensions overtime
| due to bio or social/historical processes
28
emotional stability...
increases overtime!
29
openness to experience...
inverse U shape!
30
# a
agreeableness...
increases overtime!
31
conscientiousness...
increases overtime~
32
social vitality and social dominance..
decrease, increase
33
when do the largest changes in personality occur?
early adulthood!
34
# define
Rank-Order Consistency
the degree to which individual differences change overtime
35
# describe
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- people maintain their relative positions along traits in comparison to others
- high degree of consistency
- stability is lowest in adolescense
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36
# describe
Findings + Walter Mischel Person Situation Controversy
- people exhibit less consistency accross situations than assumed
1. people behave differently in different situations
2. people's responses are based on perceived potential for reinforcement, working towards the desired outcome
| some traits (intel) are stable, others shift with the situation (extrove
37
# discuss
Personality in Small Snippets of Time
situational factors are more predictive
38
# dicuss
Personality Overtime
more consistency, personality is more apparent in decisions
39
# define
Physiognomy
detecting people's personality traits from their facial features
- largely falsified yet still relevant
40
# discuss
William Sheldon and Body Type
he was yapping saying you could get personality from body type
- mesomorph: muscular and bold
- ectomorph: skinny and introvert
- endomorph
41
# discuss
Stuctured Personality Tests
- pen and paper, responses are fixed
- easy to administer and score
- researchers can collect lots of data
42
# describe
Rationally/THeoretically Constructed Tests
- begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait, write Qs in a way to assess the conceptualization
- not very valid
- ex. MBTI
43
# describe
Projective Tests
a test in which participants are asked to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli
- Projective hypothesis: people will "project" their personality in their explanations
- the interpretation will "reveal" something about their mental state
44
# describe
Strengths of Projective Tests
may be a useful way of gathering information about unconscious wishes, desires, and fantasies
45
# describe
Disadvantages of Projective Tests
difficult to score, uncertain valididty and relaibility
46
# describe
Thematic Apperception Test
people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, asked to describe it
47
is TAT valid?
- not known to be reliable or valid
- moderately valid for measuring perceptions of others
- moderatley valid for measuring achievement
- not so good for mental illness
48
# describe
Rorschach Inkblot
a test where people are presented with ten symmetrical inkblots, and examiners score for numerous characteristics associated with personality traits
49
Are rorschach tests valid?
- test-retest reliability anf interrater reliability is problematic
- little evidence it detects features of mental disorders
- not adjusted to people rigging their answers
50
# define
P. T. Barnum Effect
the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (those that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
- based on our subjectie judgement of accuracy
51
Why do we still use projective tests?
illusory correlations, representativeness heuristic, overall human error
52
# desrcibe
Human Figure Drawings
subject draws a human, personality assessment based on the drawing
- not valid or reliable
- some people just suck at art
53
# define
Free Will
idea that people are self-determined, and hold responsibility for their choices and their consequences
54
# define
Determinism
| plus two types!
the belief that all events are caused by preceding factors, and that we have no real ability to make choices
1. genetic determinism
2. environmental determinism
55
# define
Behaviorists
scientific psychology should only study observable behavior, which is learned through conditiong
56
# define
RAdical Behaviorists
believe that behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli through conditioning/learning
57
# define
Personality
| according to behaviorists
Personality is a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus sensations
- response tendencies: stable and consistent patterns of behavior
58
Scientific Eval of Behaviorists
- disregards influence of thoughts
- why would we have such large cortexes if our thoughts are just byproducts
59
# define
Social Learning Theory
we are self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating - not just rats and pigeons
60
# define
REciprocal Determinism
internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another
61
# define
Observational Learning
| in developing personality
we can acquire habits from teachers and parents
62
# discuss
Scientific Eval of Social Learning
implies a role of shared enviros in personality development, which has been largely disproven
63
# list
Three Core Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
1. psychic deeterminism
2. symbolic meaning
3. unconscious motivation
64
# describe
Psychic Determinism
all events are caused by what happened before them, nothing happens by accident - reasons can be uncovered through the unconscious
65
# list
Levels of Consciousness
1. conscious
2. preconscious
3. unconscious
66
# list
Two Basic Instincts
| freud
1. Libido - life instincts
2. Thanatos - death instinct
67
# describe
Symbolic Meaning
no action, no matter how small, is meaningless - they are all symbolic of something else
| knowing freud they're symbolic of sex.
68
# define
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory
people are coping with their instincts within the constraints for civilized society
69
# define
Structure of Personality
| freud
one part creates urges, another holds societal expectations, another tries to satisfy urges
70
# describe
Id
| reservoir of psychic energy
the most primitive part of the mind which creates drives and urges following the pleasure principle and primary process thinking
| entirely unconscious, develops in infancy
71
# define
Pleasure Principle
wanting immediate gratification
72
# define
Primary Process Thinking
doesn't hold logical rules of conscious thoughts or reality anchors
73
# define
Wish Fulfillment
if urges are unvailable, an image is temporarily satisfied - occurs within dreams
74
# describe
Superego
| sense or morality
our moral compass - internalizes ideals, values, and morals of society to an extremely high standards - uses guilt to reinforce right and wrong
75
# define
Ego
| constrains Id to reality
understands that Id is in conflict with reality (reality principle), and delays gratification until it can problem solve or find an appropriate outlet to obtain satisfaction (secondary process thinking)
| develops in first 2-3 yeaers
76
# describe
Conflict
| freud
life is a constant negotiation of opposing impulses, causing anxiety which leads us to employ defense mechanisms
77
# define
Anxiety
| + 3 types
unpleasant state that something is wrong
1. objective anxiety
2. neurotic anxiety
3. moral anxiety
78
# define
Objective Anxiety
in response to a real external threat
79
# define
Neurotic Anxiety
when the ego is overwhelmed by id
80
# define
Moral Anxiety
conflict between ego and superego
81
# define
Defense Mechanisms
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
82
# define
Repression
| defense mech
keeping traumatic memories hidden in the nconscious
| motivated forgetting
83
# define
Denial
| defense mech
convinving oneself something didn't happen or isn't as bad as it really is
84
# define
Displacement
| defense mech
redirecting emotions fromone source to another target
85
# define
Rationalization
| defense mech
generating logical/acceptable reasons for poor behavior
86
# define
Reaction Formation
| **defense mech**
displaying the exact opposite behavior
| internalized homophobia
87
# define
Regression
| defense mech
reverting to immature patterns
88
# define
Projection
| defense mech
projecting thooughts and feelings onto others
89
# define
Sublimination
| defense mech
converting unacceptable desires into acceptable behaviors
90
# describe + list
Psychosexual Stages of Development
the foundation for personality is set at 5 years old, as we past through five states. in the first three we have to resolve a specific conflict related to sexual gratification
1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latency stage
5. genital stage
91
# describe
Oral Stage
| birth to 18 months
- main sense of pleasure is mouth, lips, tongue
- conflict is weaning, withdrawing from bottle
92
# describe
Anal Stage
| 18 months to 3y
- pleasure is from dispelling and retaining feces
- conflict is the ability to have self control
93
# describe
Phallic Stage
| 3 - 5y
- child discovers they do or don't have a penis - "penis envy" in girls
- oedipal or electra conflict: hatred toward same sex parents and secual attraction to opposite sex
94
# describe
Latency Stage
| 6y - puberty
- little psych development, learning and acquiring skills
- sexual impulses submerged into the unconscious
95
# describe
Genital Stage
| puberty onwards
- focus on romantic relationships
- ability to form relationships is hindred if previous confllicts havent been settled
96
What happens if people don't resolve a conflict in one of Freud's stages?
results in them having a specific personality type
- stuck at oral: dependent, impatient, demanding
- stuck at anal: excessive neatness, rule-following, stinginess, stubborness
97
# list
Issues with Freud's Theories
1. Unfalsifiable
2. Not generalizable
3. Not predictive
4. unconscious (?)
5. Flawed assumption of shared enviro influence
98
# describe
Neo-Freudians
two differences:
1. less emphasis on sexuality, more emphasis on social drives
2. more optimistic about the prospectis of personality growth
98
# discuss
Alfred Alder
believed that the principle motivation in human personality is striving for superirority through the cration of a distinctive lifestyle
99
# define
Inferiority Complex
feelings of low seld esteem that leads to overcompensation
99
# discuss
Carl Jung
believed our personality was partially formed by the collective unconscious, which contains multiple archetypes
100
# define
Collective Unconscious
comprised of the memories that ancestors have passed down throughout generations
101
# define
Archetypes
cross-culturally universal symbols souch as the mother, the goddess, the hero, etc.
102
# discuss
Karen Horney
believed "penis envy" was misguided, and women's sense of inferiority stems from an excessie dependency on men which is ingrained by society
| impact of culture on growth and development
103
# define
Humanism
theoretical orientation emphasizing unique qualities of people, especially free will and the potential for growth
104
# define
Phenomenological Approach
using subjective experiencs to understand behavior
105
Abraham Maslow...
emphasized the importance of focusing on the poisitve qualities of people
106
Personality according to needs Hierarchy
personality is shaped by our current state and history of needs satisfaction
- those who've always had a need are better equipped to deal with its loss
- those who've been deprived act differently when needs are fulfilled
107
# define
Self-Actualization
the drive towards creativity and fulfilling our potential, the final goal of development
108
# define
Peak Experience
a transpersonal and ecstatic state, marked by felings of euphoria, harmonization, deep meanings, and interconnectedness
109
# describes
characterisitics of self actualized peopel
creative, spontaneous, accepting, self confident, focus on real-world problems
110
# list
Conditions for skipping needs
1. lower needs have been met previously
2. belief that you have the potential/capacity to meet lower needs
111
# list
Criticisms of MAslow
1. not testable, little empirical evidence
2. doen't really fit into evolutionary POV
3. little evidence for a hierarchy/specific order
4. may be gender bias
112
other thingies abt maslow
| send help im so sleepy
- fulfillment impacts well-being independently
- societal factors impact basic needs and negative feelings
- individual facotrs impact pos and neg feelings
113
# describe
Carl Rogers
believed that people are intrinsically good
113
# define
Fully Functioning Person
someone who is on the way to self-acutalization, sees htemselves accurately, self-accepting, trusts themselves
114
# list
Three Keys to Personality
| Carl Rogers
1. self-concept
2. need for positive regard
3. conditions of worth
115
# discuss
Conditions of Worth
- self expectations for appropriate/inappropriate behavior + accomplishments
- internalized parental and societal expectations
- personality largely stems from differences in conditions of worth others impose onto us
116
# define
Real Self
how a person is in reality
117
What leads to tension?
| acarl rogers
a discepancy between ideal self and real self leads to incongruence
118
# describe
Unconditional Love
parental love no matter what the child does
- leads to congruent self perception
119
# describe
Conditional Love
love is dependent on how the child acts
- leads to incongruent self-perception
120
# jdl;fj;djf
Scientific Eval of Carl Rogers
- aggression may be a pa rt of genetics
- people who decreaseincongruence aren't necessarily the one swho improve
