midterm

Question 1

HGB

Answer 1

hemoglobin

Question 2

HCT

Answer 2

hematocrit

Question 3

MCV

Answer 3

mean corpuscular volume

Question 4

MCH

Answer 4

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Question 5

MCHC

Answer 5

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentraition

Question 6

platelets

Answer 6

concerned with the clotting of the blood and clot retraction

Question 7

component types used for testing

Answer 7

whole blood, plasma, serum

Question 8

blood plasma

Answer 8

prepared by obstaining a sample of blood and removing blood cells by spinning in a centrifuge, chemicals are added to prevent blood’s natural tendency to clot

• major protein in plasma is albumin
• other fx’s: resivoir that can replenish insufficient or absorbs excess water from tissues, prevents blood vessels from collapsing & clogging, regulate body temp, carries many essential substances

Question 9

serum

Answer 9

prepared by obtaining a sample, allowing formation of a blood clot & removing the clot using a centrifuge.

Question 10

Content of Plasma

Answer 10

water, nutrients (sugars, amino acids, fats, electrolytes, minerals, etc), waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, hormones, complement proteins, transport proteins (albumin)
*60% of total blood volume
plasma=serum+clotting components

Question 11

Lipemia

Answer 11

presence of high concentration of lipids in blood, can look milky
-can cause factitious: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia

Question 12

turbidity

Answer 12

due to lipid particles-cause light to scatter, interferes with photometry

Question 13

partiitioning error

Answer 13

analyte can enter lipid making it inaccessible for chemical reaction

Question 14

electrolyte exclusion effect

Answer 14

triglycerides>1500mg/dL (milky serum)

-fat replaces serum water, which alters distribution and concentration of electrolytes

Question 15

RBC Count

Answer 15

erythrocyte count, main fx is to carry oxygen from the lungs to therest of the body tissues to tranfer carobn dioxide formthe tisues to the lungs, acheived by hemoglobin that gives blood its bright red color

Question 16

anemia

Answer 16

decreased values of RBC’s, it is associated with cell destruction, blood loss & dietary insufficiency of iron & certain vitamins
* reduction in the number of circulating rbc’s, amount of hemoglobin, &/or volume of packed cell (HCT)

Question 17

Hematocrit (HCT)

Answer 17

measures the RBC mass

• expressed as volume of rbc in a known volume of centrifuged blood (PCV), will normally parallel rbc count when cells are normal in size
• *decreased value can indicate Anemia- deficiency of B6, B12, iron, copper, vitamin C
• *increased value can indicate Plycythemia vera-increase in all blood cells

Question 18

MHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)

Answer 18

measures the weight of hemoglobin per RBC

• decreased is associated with microcytic anemia
• increased in associated with macroytic anemia

Question 19

MHCH

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Answer 19

measures the average concentration of hemoglobin (HGB) in the RBC’s, which determines the color of the RBC’s
*decreased: hypochromic anemia
*

Question 20

RDW (red cell distribution width)

Answer 20

indication of the degree of anisocytosis (abnormal variation of RBC size)

Question 21

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

Answer 21

measurement of the volume of an average single red blood cell that helps differentiate anemais
*individual cell size

Question 22

Microcytic Anemia

Answer 22

• iron deficiency anemia, most prevalent anemia
• pyridoxine (vitamin B6 def)
• Cobalamin (vitamin B12 def)

Question 23

Iron deficiency

Answer 23

• Decrease in: MCV, MCHC, Serum ferritin, SI, MCH, RDW
• Increase in: TIBC
• microcytosis, hypochromia

Question 24

Pyridoxine Deficiency (B6)

Answer 24

same as iron def, with increase in SI and decrease in TIBC

Question 25

Normocytic Nomochromic Anemias

Answer 25

- hemolyic anemia | - decreased erythropoietin

Question 26

Cobalamin (B12) Deficiency

Answer 26

caused by vegan diet, intrinsic factor def, malabsorption, competitive parasites, HCL need (hypochoridria) -increased requirements: chronic pancreatic disease, preggo, neoplastic disease, hyperthyroidism -impaired utilization: enzyme deficiencies -increase in: MCV, RDW, MCH,MCHC, TIBC, SI normal or increased megaloblastic cells

Question 27

Macrocytic Anemia

Answer 27

-folate (vitamin B9, B-C, M, folic acid) deficiency

Question 28

Folate Deficiency

Answer 28

decreased ingestion: lack of veggies & alcoholism | impaired absorption: oral contraceptives

Question 29

Pathophysiological Anemias

Answer 29

hypoproliferative anemias (inadequate production of RBC's), decreased HGB or HCT despite increased production of RBC's

Question 30

Intracorpuscular Anemia's

Answer 30

sickle cell disease: hemaglobin structural abnormality | thalassemia major/minor: genetic abnormality of globin chain synthesis

Question 31

Vitamin B12 test

Answer 31

to aid in differential dx of megaloblastic anemia

Question 32

Erythropoietin test

Answer 32

aid in dx of polycythemia

Question 33

reticulocyte

Answer 33

young immature red blood cell ( non-cucleated)

Question 34

Major Blood types

Answer 34

A, B, AB & O O=universal donor AB=universal recipient

Question 35

Rh factor

Answer 35

85% of adults are Rh positive, since most carry the antigen protein, there are rarely problems with compatibility of blood

Question 36

Clinical implications of crossmatching blood types

Answer 36

- there are many unknown antibodies in our blood, this is why we do crossmatching before transfusion - mix donor blood with patient blood & observe for any agglutination that might occur, takes 45 min to an hour to watch for reaction

Question 37

increased platelets

Answer 37

blood stasis | -can mean iron def, lymphomas, malignancies, renal failure, leukemia, RA, SLE

Question 38

decreased platelets

Answer 38

excessive bleeding if cut | -can mean hemolytic anemias, viral & bacterial infections, alcohol toxicity hiv infection, congestive heart failure,

Question 39

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)

Answer 39

uniformity of size of the platelets