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oceanography > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

0
Q

are secondary waves

A

S waves

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1
Q

:is known as the father of modern oceanography

:was killed by the hawaiians

A

james cook

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2
Q

a piece of land that was formed somewhere else

A

exotic terrain

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3
Q

average depth of ocean

A

12500 ft

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4
Q

last supercontinent that existed about 200 million yrs ago

A

pangea

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5
Q

as current velocity increases, sedimentation rate

A

decreases

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6
Q

a piece of rock from space

A

tektite

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7
Q

graded beds (in which the sediments go from big at the bottom to fine at the top) are associated with

A

turbidity currents

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8
Q

CCD

A

Carbonate Compensation Depth

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9
Q

which of the following organisms makes its skeleton out of silica (glass)

A

diatoms and radiolarians

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10
Q

which of the following for thick deposits near the poles cuhs they like cooler waters

A

diatoms

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11
Q

list the hydrogenous sediments

A

evaporites
manganese nodules
oolites

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12
Q

tiny animals that disrupt the layers of sediment, making core samples to need preservatives

A

meiofauna

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13
Q

where is the oldest ocean crust

A

western Pacific Ocean

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14
Q

how many years old is the earth

A

4.6 billion

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15
Q

light is re-directed in another direction

A

scattering

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16
Q

:first professor of oceanography

:captain of the fram

A

Fridtjof Nansen

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17
Q

what color is your blood 60 ft below the sea surface

A

blue

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18
Q

used a compass for navigation

A

chinese

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19
Q

the sun produces light mainly in the …part of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

visible

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20
Q

the bending of energy waves as they enter another material at an angle

A

refraction

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21
Q

oxygen first started building up in earth’s atmosphere about …years ago

A

2.5 billion

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22
Q

there are approximately … major plates that make up earth’s crust

A

12

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23
Q

some of the water on earth originally came from

A

comets

volcanic activity

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24
Q

measures the tiny differences in ocean surface elevation due to sea floor features such as mountains

A

satellite altimetry

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25
Q

when volcanoes erupt, ash that goes into the ocean is considered

A

terrigenous sediment

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26
Q

tell us:

1) how thick layers of sediment are on the sea floor
2) what the depth of the water is
3) what the topography (shape) of the sea floor is
4) what a 3D map of the sea floor looks like

A

sound waves

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27
Q

sound travels thru seawater about …..times faster than in air

A

5x faster

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28
Q

the shape of the seafloor along the oregon coastline has been influenced by

A

:a subduction zone

:a large river

29
Q

the first comprehensive map of the sea floor was published in …. by…..

A

in 1977

by Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen

30
Q

our modern system of latitude and longitude was developed by

A

Hipparchus

31
Q

the shelf break occurs at about

A

140 meters

32
Q

air cooling or heating with a change in elevation

A

adiabatic temp change

33
Q

a zone of strong winds where 2 circulation cells meet

A

the jet stream

34
Q

the most effective means of moving heat from one place to another is

A

convection

35
Q

what affects residence time of elements and compounds in seawater

A

1) chemical activity of the atom
2) precipitation of minerals
3) biological activity
4) plate tectonics

36
Q

the Saffir Simpson Hurricane scale ranks hurricanes by

A

wind speed

37
Q

measured by how many atoms or molecules are vibrating and how fast they are vibrating

A

heat

38
Q

forchhammer’s principles is also known as the principle of

A

constant proportions

39
Q

who confirmed forchhammer’s principle

A

william ditmar

40
Q

what usually does the most damage along coastlines during a hurricane

A

storm surge

41
Q

what did antoine-laurent lavoisier discover in 1783

A

water

42
Q

the scientist who described fronts was

A

vilhelm bjerknes

43
Q

conservative elements in seawater

A

sodium

chlorine

44
Q

ITCZ

A

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

45
Q

why are there seasons on earth

A

the tilt of earth axis

46
Q

how do we name winds-what are they named for

A

for where they blow from

47
Q

the average hurricane uses as much energy in one day as the U.S. does in

A

6 months

48
Q

in order for a hurricane to form, ocean surface waters must be atleast … degrees

A

80 degrees F

49
Q

equinox dates

A

3/20

9/22 & 23

50
Q

solstice dates

A

6/21 & 22

12/21 & 22

51
Q

occurs when one hemisphere gets more sunlight than the other

A

solstice

52
Q

the SOFAR layer is the

A

sound minimum zone

53
Q

the coriolis effect is caused by

A

earth’s rotation

54
Q

the doldrums are a belt of winds wrapping around the earth at

A

0 degrees latitude (equator)

55
Q

in a hurricane the strongest winds are in the

A

eye wall

56
Q

how did the solar system form

A

nebular hypothesis

:a large star died and debris of the star eventually became the solar system

57
Q

how did the moon form

A

a large mass (mars sized) struck the earth causing masses to escape and form the moon

58
Q

what do Wilson Cycles describe

A

formation and destruction of ocean basins

59
Q

two examples of hot spots

A

ice land

hawaii

60
Q

six stages of wilson cycle and examples

A

1) Embryonic –> East African Rift Valley
2) Juvenile –> Red Sea
3) Mature –> Atlantic
4) Declining –> Pacific
5) Terminal –> Mediterranean Sea
6) Suturing –> Himalayas

61
Q

what are terrigenous sediments made from

A

materials that originate on land: silt, sand

62
Q

what are biogenous sediments made of

A

materials from living things: plants, animals

63
Q

what are hydrogenous sediments made of

A

material precipitated from water: evaporites

64
Q

what are cosmogenous sediments made of

A

materials of space debris: tektites

65
Q

what is definition of heat capacity

A

the amount of heat needed to raise 1g by 1 degree celsius

66
Q

to go from ice to melted water at 0 degrees add …..

A

80 calories

67
Q

to go from 0 degree water to 100 degree water add

A

100 calories

68
Q

to go from 100 degree water to vapor, add…

A

540 calories

69
Q

how do submarine canyons form

A

1) when sea level lowers, rivers run farther out
when sea level rises, canyons flood
2) underwater landslides and turbidites

oceanography (9 decks)

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