Midterm Flashcards
0
Q
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A
1650, 200x microscope, described animalcules
1
Q
Robert Hooke
A
1635, cork, named cells, micrographia
2
Q
Francesco Reid
A
Attacked spontaneous generation with cheesecloth on meat experiment
3
Q
Pasteur used
A
Swan neck flasks to prove spontaneous generation wrong
4
Q
Germ theory of disease
A
Defining there is an etiological agent that causes disease
5
Q
Etiological agent
A
Something that fits Kochs postulates
6
Q
Robert Koch
A
Defined the postulates and discovered tb bacterium
7
Q
Kochs postulates
A
Present in all cases, can be cultivated in pure culture away from the body, cells then cause disease in healthy individual, organisms can be reisolated and shown to be the same
8
Q
Beijerick
A
Created selective plates
9
Q
Fleming
A
Discovered penicillin
10
Q
Edward Jenner
A
Small pox vaccine
11
Q
first genome sequenced
A
1995
12
Q
Coccus
A
Round
13
Q
Filamentous
A
Long and thin
14
Q
Spirochete
A
Long thin and waved
15
Q
Spirrilium
A
Long but fatter
16
Q
Rod
A
Rod
17
Q
Size of bacteria
A
0.2-700um
18
Q
Phosphatidylethanolamine
A
Fatty acid with glycerol and ethanolamine chains
19
Q
Bacterial bilayer strengthened by
A
Hopanoids
20
Q
Archaea membrane are different because
A
No fatty acids, have phytanyl instead which forms biphytanyl
21
Q
Secretion sequence to leave cell
A
SecA
22
Q
Secretion sequence to insert protein in membrane
A
Signal recognition particle
23
Q
Bacterial cell wall made of
A
Peptidoglycan
24
Peptidoglycan is made of
4 amino acids and a carbohydrate hexose
25
Bonds in peptidoglycan
Peptide bonds across the wall and glycosidic bonds along it
26
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
27
Head group of bacteria LPS
Lipid A
28
Carbohydrate group of bacteria LPS
O-specific polysaccharides
29
Gram positive
Purple
30
Gram negative
Pink
31
Bacterial capsule role
Pathogenesis and biofilm formation
32
Bio films contain
75% glycocalyx matrix and 25% bacterial cells
33
Formation of a biofilm
Attachment, colonisation and growth
34
Peritrichous
Uniform distribution all over the body
35
Polar flagella
1 at one end
36
Lophotrichous
Multiple flagella at one end
37
Amphitrichous
2 flagella- one at each end
38
Endo spore
Dormant stage of life cycle of bacteria
39
Layers of endo spore
Exosporium and spore coat surround it
40
Antibiotic
A naturally occurring antimicrobial
41
Endospore formers
B serius and c diff
42
Naturally occurring antibiotics
Aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetrocyclines, penicillin g
43
Aminoglycosides
Inhibit 30s ribosome, toxic
44
Glycosides
Hexose and pentode groups
45
Macrolides
Lactone ring, eg. Erythromycin
46
Tetracyclines
Broad spectrum, 4x6 carbon rings and side chains
47
Penicillin g
Cell wall synth, destroyed by betalactamases
48
Synthetic antimicrobial drugs
Synthetic penicillins, quinolones, ciprofloxacin
49
Semisynthetic penicillins
Adding a different R group to make them beta lactamase resistant
50
Semisynthetic penicillin examples
Methicillin, oxacillin and ampicillin
51
Quinolones
Inhibits DNA gyrase
52
Ciprofloxacin
Part of fluoroquinilines
53
Bacteriostatic
Targets protein synthesis
54
Bactiocidal
Kills cells (cells still there but not viable)
55
Bactiolytic
Lyse the cells
56
Vancomycin
Inhibits cell wall synth, used against c diff
57
Methicillin
No longer used, inhibits cell wall synth, MRSA
58
MRSA
Methicillin resistant s. Aureus
59
Mechanisms of resistance
Lack structure to inhibit, impermeable, inactivate the antibiotic, modification of target, effluent of antibiotic
60
Penicillin resistance
Beta lactamase
61
Streptomycin resistance
Phosphorylation
62
Spread of antibiotic resistance
On R plasmids
63
RTF
Resistance transfer factor
64
Central dogma
DNA to mRNA to protein
65
2 methods of classifying bacteria
Baltimore method and ICTV method
66
ICTV
International committee on taxonomy of viruses
67
Virus nucleocapsid
Capsid and nucleic acid
68
Virus genome
5kb to 1.2mbp
69
Virophage
Virus that infects the mimivirus
70
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria
71
Virulent bacteriophage
Kills the cells
72
Temperate bacteriophage
Can follow lytic or lysogenic pathway
73
Lysogen
A state where most virus genes are not expressed and the pro phage is replicated in synchrony with the host chromosome
74
Pro phage
Viral genome
75
Lysogens
Cells that harbour a temperate virus
76
Virus lifecycle
Attachment, penetratin, synthesis, assembly, lysis
77
Bactiophage lambda
Infects E. coli
78
Gene for the lysogenic pathway
cL
79
Gene for the lytic pathway
Cro
80
The lytic pathway
Cells lysed. Cro dominates.
| Phage proteins formed and burst from cell
81
N protein
An antiterminator that means cII and cIII and Q proteins are formed
82
Q protein
An antiterminator that allows the phage proteins to be transcribed in the lytic cycle
83
Lysogenic pathway
Phage DNA integrates with bacterial chromosome via recombination.
Domination by cL
84
CII is transcribed from
Pe site
85
CL
Lambda repressor prtoein that blocks synthesis from Pr
86
Binding of cro to the operator
Inhibits CL formation so no promotion of lysogeny
87
Binding of CL
Inhibits Pr= no cro so blocks lytic pathway
88
To maintain lysogeny
CL needs to be constantly present
89
Taxonomy
Science of classification
90
Taxa
Categories of organism reflecting evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships
91
Gram positives are split into
Low g+c and high g+c
92
Low g+c
Firmicutes
93
High g+c
Actinobacteria
94
LAB
Lactic acid bacteria
95
Homofermentative
Produce lactic acid only
96
Heterofermentative
Produce co2, lactic acid and ethanol
97
Gram negative bacteria
Proteobacteria divided into alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon
98
Phototroph
Energy from light
99
Chemotroph
Energy from chemicals
100
Chemoorganotroph
Energy from organic chemicals
101
Chemolithotroph
Energy from inorganic chemicals
102
Actinobacteria
Actinomyces, frankia, Streptomicies
103
Firmicutes
Lactobacillus, streptococcus, bacillus, clostridium
104
Endospore formers
Bacillus, clostridales
105
Alpha bacteria
Rhizobium, agrobacteria
106
Gamma bacteria
Shigella, salmonella
107
Beta bacteria
Neisseria
108
Epsilon bacteria
Campylobacter, helicobacter
109
Fish
Fluorescent in situ hybridisation
110
Bacterial growth
Binary fission
111
MinE
Pushes minC and D to poles and signals FtsZ
112
FtsZ
Cutting ring that causes division in binary fission
113
MreB
Analogue of actin in bacterial cytoskeleton
114
Obligate aerobe
Requires oxygen
115
Aero tolerant anaerobe
Can grow in oxygen but don't use it
116
Facultative anaerobe
Can swap between aerobic and anaerobic/fermentation
117
Microaerophile
Needs oxygen but too hi a conc positions it
118
Psychroohile
Close to freezing temp best
119
Mesophile
Moderate temp
120
Thermopile
High temp
121
Hyperthermophile
Very high temp
122
Ecosystem
Sum of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment
123
Abiotic factors
No living chemical and physical factors
124
Symbiosis
Mutualism and commensalism
125
Mutualism
Both species benefit
126
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is not harmed but doesn't benefit
127
Syntrophy
Two or more organisms catabolising a nutrient that can't be done on its own
128
Species richness
The total number of species in an ecosystem
129
Species abundance
The proportion of each species in an ecosystem
130
Nitrogenase complex
Performs nitrogen fixation
131
Flavonoids
Secreted by legumes to stimulate rhizobium
132
Rhizobia symbiosis plasmid
Sym
133
Sym contains
Nod genes induced by flavonoids
134
Nod abc produces
Nod factors
135
Nod factors
Oligosaccharide a that induce root hair curling
136
Rhicadhesins
On bacteria surface cause attachment to legume
137
Leghaemoglobin
Released by nodule binds to Oxygen so nitrogenase can work
138
Nitrification
Oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds (dead plants)
139
Nitrosomonas
Responsible for Nitrification and associated wih nitrobacter
140
AMO
Ammonia Mono-oxygenase
141
HAO
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
142
NXR
Nitrite oxidoreductase
143
Denitrification
The process in which nitrate is converted to gaseous compounds by microorganisms
144
Bacterial genomes
Double helix DNA
145
Operon
Group of genes with related functions
146
Plasmid
DNA not associated with the chromosome that replicates independently
147
Tra gene
Transfer gene
148
IS
Insertion sequence
149
Transposons
Mobile genetic elements
150
Episome
Part of a bacterial chromosome with a plasmid in it
151
Two types of bacterial DNA replication
Rolling circle replication and bidirectional replication
152
Origin of replication
OriC
153
Start of replication
DNA A binds
154
Helicase
Unwinds helix
155
DNA gyrase
Topioisimerase that counteracts helix unwinding
156
RNA primer on the leading strand added by
DNA polymerase III
157
Lagging strand formed in
Okazaki fragments
158
Ligase
Fills gaps in Okazaki fragments
159
RNA primer removed by
Endonucelase DNA pol I
160
Competence
Bacterial ability to take genes up from their environment
161
Transduction
Virus injects phage DNA and hijacks bacterial machinery
162
General transduction
Any part of gene during lytic cycle
163
Transducing phage
A virus containing bacterial DNA
164
Specialised transduction
Specific part of DNA, lysogeny has to occur first
165
Prophage
Phage DNA encorporated into bacterial chromosome
166
Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material via cell to cell contact
| Requires an F plasmid
167
Cells containing an f plasmid
F+
168
TraI
Allows DNA to be nicked so rolling circle rep can happen along an f pilus
169
HFR
High frequency recombination
170
Microbial pathogenicity
The biochemical mechanisms whereby microorganisms cause diseas
171
Infection
A successful persistence of a oathogen within the host
172
Disease
An interaction which causes significant overt damage to the host
173
Pathogenicity v
Described the way in which a microorganism causes disease
174
Virulence
Relative term of pathogenic potential
175
ID50
The infectious does for 50% of the population
176
To cause disease a oathogen must
Colonise, grow, avoid the immune system and damage the host
177
Pathogens cause damage by
Effectors that damage tissues
| Or evoking an immune response
178
Neurotoxin
Causes paralysis
179
Cytolytic toxins
Damage cytoplasmic membrane
180
Enteritis in
Sickness and diarrhoea
181
Ab toxin action
B unit binds, a has catalytic activity
182
Diphtheria toxin
C. Diotheriae. 1a uni, 1b unit.
| Adds ADP to EF-2 blocking protein synth
183
Cholera toxin
Vibrio cholerae. 1a unit, 5 b units.
Attaches to ganglioside GM1
Activates G protein which causes high cAMP
Results in osmosis and massive fluid loss BIA diarrhoea
184
Endotoxins
Only bacteria, passively releases LPS
185
Pyrogen
Causes production of cytokines from immune cells
186
Innate immunity
Non specific first response, macrophages and neutrophils
187
Adaptive immunity
Specific, lag time, memory, b and T cells, antibodies
188
Opsonisation
Antibodies binding to pathogens to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
189
IgG
Two heavy and two light chains, in blood
190
IgM
On B cells or pentamer in blood
191
IgE
Parasites and allergys
192
IgD
B cells
193
IgA
Bodily fluids
194
Opsonisation aids
The uptake of pathogens by neutrophils via Fc receptors
195
Intra cellular pathogen protection
Cytotoxic T cells that release perforin
196
Vaccinations stimulate
B cells to produce memory T cells
197
Toxoid
Non active toxin
198
Axenic culture
A culture that is free from living organisms other than the species required
199
RNA origin of life because
Stores transmits and duplicates, catalytic activity, enzymatically active
200
Methods for classifying microbes
Morphology, metabolism, ecology, genetically
201
Halophile
Salt lover
202
Basophils
Pressure lov
203
Carl worse and rRNA
3 domains, bacteria, archaea and eukarya
204
Other support for 3 domains
Transcription, translation and differences in membranes
205
ENV
A non cultured by environmentally sequences organism
206
16S
Bacteria and archae
207
Archaeal subgroups
Primary Hyperthermophiles
Methanogens, halophiles and acidophiles
208
Protozoans
Early branching eukarya
209
Linnaeus classification
Domain, Kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species
210
Fungi
Neither plants nor animals
211
Mycorrhizae
Fungi that live around plant roots
212
Oomycete
Not a true fungus, evolved from the yellow/brown algae
213
Puccinia graminis
Wheat stem rust
214
Phytophthora infestans
Potato late blight
215
Magnaporthe oryzae
Corn smut
216
Chytridiomycosis
Kills frogs
217
Geomyces destructans
Dehydration in bats
218
Dimorphic
Fungi that can be yeast or filamentous
219
Heterotrophic
Can't fix carbon
220
Fungal cell walls made of
Chitin and glucans
221
Storage compounds in fungi
Mannitol, trehalose and glycogen
222
Haploid
One nucleus per cell
223
In the tree of life fungi lie within
Opisthokonts
224
Fungal phyla
```
Chytridio-
Zygo-
Glomero-
Asco-
Basidio- and then microsporidia
```
