Part 1 Remake Flashcards
1
Q
Kochs postulates
A
Present in all suffering, cultivated, reintroduced to cause disease and reisolated
2
Q
Bacteria size
A
0.2-700 um
3
Q
Fatty acid in bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
A
Phosphatidylethanolamine
4
Q
Phosphatidylethanolamine is made of
A
Glycerol and ethanolamine
5
Q
Coccus example
A
Streptococcus pneumonia
6
Q
Filamentous example
A
Streptomicies
7
Q
Spirochete
A
Borrelia burdorferi
8
Q
Spirrilium example
A
Camping bacteur
9
Q
Rod example
A
E. Coli
10
Q
Bacterial bilayer is strengened by
A
Hopanoids
11
Q
Archae bilayers have
A
Phytanyl
12
Q
SecA
A
Sends protein out of cell
13
Q
Signal recognition particle
A
Causes protein to be inserted into the membrane
14
Q
Bacterial cell wall made of
A
Peptidoglycan
15
Q
Peptidoglycan is maxed of
A
4 amino acids and hexose
16
Q
Bonds in a bacterial cell wall
A
Peptide bonds across
Glycosidic bonds along e
17
Q
LPS
A
Lipopolysaccharide
18
Q
Lipid head groups in bacterial outer membrane
A
Lipid A
19
Q
Repeat carbohydrate group in bacterial outer membrane
A
O-specific polysaccharides
20
Q
Gram positive stains
A
Purple
21
Q
Gram negative stains
A
Pink
22
Q
Bio films are made of
A
Glycocalyx matrix and bacterial cells
23
Q
Peritrichous
A
Uniform distribution of flagellar over cell
24
Q
Polar flagella
A
One at one end
25
Lophotrichous flagellar
Multiple at one end
26
Amphitrichous
2 flagella at opposite ends
27
Endospore
Dormant stage of life cycle of bacteria
28
Endospore formers
Bacillus serius and c diff.
29
Antibiotic
A naturally occurring antimicrobial agent
30
Aminoglycosides
Targets 30s ribosome
31
Aminoglycosides examples
Streptomycin and kanamycin
32
Glycosides
Hexose and pentose groups
33
Macrolides
Contain a lactone ring
| Broad spectrum
34
Macrolides example
Erythromycin
35
Tetracyclines
Inhibit 30s ribosomes
| Contain 4x6 carbon rings and side chains
36
Penicillin g
Targets cell wall synthesis but broken down by betalactamase
37
Penicillin g example
Benzyl penicillin
38
Betalactamase
Breaks down penicillin g
39
Semisynthetic penicillins
Adding of R groups to make beta lactamase resistant penicillin
40
Beta lactamase resistant penicillins
Methicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin
41
Quinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase by binding to the a subunit
42
Ciprofloxacin
Part of fluoroquinolines group
43
Bacteriostatic
Targets protein synthesis
44
Bacteriocidal
Kills cells
45
Bacteriolytic
Lyses cells
46
Vancomycin
Inhibits cell wall synth by targeting alanine
47
Methicillin
Inhibits cL wall synth but no longer used
48
MRSA
Methicillin resistant s.aureus
49
Streptomycin resistance
Phosphorylation adenylate in
50
Chloramphenicol resistance
Acetylation
51
Penicillin resistance
Beta lactamase
52
R plasmids
Contain resistance determination genes
53
Rtf
Resistance transfer factor
54
DsRNA class III
Transcription of negative strand
55
SsRNA class IV
Used directly as mRNA
56
SsRNA class V
Transcription of negative strand
57
SsRNA class VI
Reverse transcription
58
ICTV
International committee on taxonomy of viruses
59
Virus genome
5 to 1.2 Mbps
60
Virophage
Virus that incts e mimivirus
61
Nucleocapsid
Capsid and nucleic acid
62
Virulent bacteriophage
Kills the cells
63
Temperate bacteriophage
Follows lytic or lysogenic pathway
64
Lysogen
A state where most virus genes are not expresses and the Prophage is replicated in synchrony with the host chromosome
65
Prophage
Viral genome
66
Lysogens
Cells that harbor a temperate virus
67
Germ theory
Defining there is an etiological agent that causes disease
68
CL domination
Lysogenic pathway
69
Cro domination
Lytic pathway
70
Taxonomy
Science of classification
71
Taxa
Categories of organism reflecting evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships
72
Low g + c
Firmicutes
73
High g + c
Actinobacteria
74
Firmicutes
```
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Clostridium
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
```
75
LAB
Lactic acid bacteria
76
Homofermentative
Produce lactic acid only
77
Heterofermentative
Produce co2, lactic acid and ethanol
78
Lock jaw
C tetany
79
Flaccid paralysis
C botulinum
80
Lactobacillus
LAB, rod
81
Streptococcus
Human pathogens and commensals
82
Clostridium
Obligate anaerobe producing endo spores
83
Bacillus
Facultative anaerobe forming Endospore
84
Actinobacteria
Actinomyces
Frankia
Streptomyces
85
Actinomyces
Facultative anaerobes
86
Frankia
Filamentous nitrogen fixers
87
Streotomyes
Mycelium producing conidiophores
88
Gram negative bacteria groups
Proteobacteria- alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon and delta
89
Phototroph
Energy from light
90
Chemotrophic
Energy from chemicals
91
Chemoorganotroph
Energy from organic chemicals
92
Chemolithotroph
Energy from inorganic chemicals
93
Alpha bacteria
Rhizobium
94
Beta bacteria
Neisseria
95
Gamma bacteria
Shigella,
96
Escherichia
Pink bacillus e.g. Ecoli.
97
Epsilon
Campylobacter and helicobacter
98
Fish
Fluorescent in situ hibridisation
99
MreB
Analogue of actin, part of the bacterial cytoskeleton
100
FtsZ
Cutting ring that causes division into two cells in bacterial growth
101
Binary fission is facilitated by
Min E, Min D and Min C
102
Min E
Pushes min C and D to poles and acts as a signal for the FtsZ ring
103
Obligate anaerobe
Requires oxygen to grow
104
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Able to grow in the presence of oxygen but does not use it
105
Facultative anaerobe
Uses aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but able to swap to anaerobic resp if needed
106
Microaerophile
Needs oxygen for resp but are poisoned by high conc
107
Anaerobe
Doesn't use oxygen for resp
108
Psychrophile
Temp close to freezing
109
Mesophile
Moderate temp organism
110
Thermophile
Relatively high temp organism
111
Hyperthermophiles
Extremely hi temp organism
112
Ecosystem
Sum of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment
113
Abiotic components
Non living chemical and physical factors
114
Symbiosis
Mutualism and commensalism
115
Mutualism
Both species benefit
116
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted
117
Syntrophy
Two or more organism catalysing a nutrient that can't be catabolicied by one on its own
118
Species richness
The total number of species present in an ecosystem
119
Species abundance
The proportion of each species in an ecosystem
120
Nitrogenase complex
Performs nitrogen fixation
121
Nitrogenase is inhibited by
Oxygen
122
Rhizobia are stimulated by
Flavonoids
123
Symbiosis plasmid
Sym
124
Sym carries
Nod genes
125
NodABC produces
Nod factors
126
Rhicadhesins
On bacteria that cause. Attachment to the legume
127
Leghemoglobin
Binds to oxyg to allow nitrogen fixation
128
Nitrification
Oxidatin of inorganic nitrogen compounds
129
Nitrosomonas
Responsible for Nitrification
130
AMO
Ammonia mono oxygenase
131
HAO
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
Oxidised hydroxylamine
132
NXR
Nitrite oxidoreductase
Oxidises nitrite
133
Denitrification
The process in which nitrate is converted to gaseous compounds by microorganisms
134
Bacterial genome
Double helix DNA
135
Operon
Group of genes with related functions
136
Plasmid
DNA not part of the chromosomes
137
Tra
Transfer genes
138
Is
Insertion sequence
139
Transposons
Mobile genetic material
140
Episome
Part of a bacterial chromosome with a plasmid in it
141
OriC
Origin of replication
142
DNA A
Binds and starts replication
143
Helicase
Unravels double helix
144
DNA gyrase
A topoisomerase that counteracts the unwinding
145
Endonucelase DNA pol I
Removed rna primers via dna3
146
Ligase
Fills gaps in Okazaki fragments
147
Bidirectional replication
Theta form
Semi conservative
Leading and lagging strand
148
Competence
Bacterial ability to take genes up from their environment
149
Transduction
Virus injects phage DNA and hijacks bacterial machinery
150
Generalised transduction
Lytic cycle
151
Transducing phage
A virus containing bacterial DNA
152
Specialised transduction
Lysogenic phase
153
Prophage
Phage DNA encorporated into bacterial chromosome
154
Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material by cell to cell contact via a plasmid encoded mechanism
155
F plasmid
Fertility plasmid
156
Tra1
Allows the protein to be nicked in rolling circle replication for conjugation
157
HFR
High frequency recombination
158
Microbial pathogenicity
The biochemical mechanisms whereby microorganism cause disease
159
Infection
A successful persistence or multiplication of a oathogen or within the host
160
Microbial pathogenicity
The biochemical mechanism by whereby microorganisms cause disease
161
Infection
A successful persistence or multiplication of a pathogen or within the host
162
Disease
An interaction which causes significant overt damage to the host
163
Pathogenicity
Describes the way in which a microorganism causes disease
164
Virulence
Relative term of pathogen persistence
165
ID50
The infectious dose for 50% of the population
166
To cause disease a pathogen must
Colonise, grow, avoid, damage
167
Toxins
Effectors
168
Neurotoxins
Cause paralysis
169
Enterotoxins
Sickness and diarrhoea
170
Cytotoxins
Cause cell death
171
Cytolytic toxins
Damage cytoplasmic membrane
172
AB toxin
```
A= catalytic activity
B= binds to cell and translocate a portion
```
173
Diphtheria toxin
1A unit and 1B unit
174
Cholera toxin
1A unit and 5B units
175
LPS
Lipopolysacchaides
176
Pyrogen
Causes production of cytokines from immune cells upon binding to cell surface receptors
177
Innate immuty
Non specific and immediate response
178
Adaptive immunity
Specific and lag time
179
Opsonisation
Maki going foreign pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis by antibodies
180
IgG
Plasma cells in blood
181
IgM
On surface of B cells or forms a pentamer I blood
182
IgE
Parasites and allergic reactions
183
IgD
Part of B cell receptor
184
IgA
Found I body fluids
185
Cytotoxic T cells release
Perforin
186
IPTG
Isopropyl b-d-1-5-thiogalactopyranoside
187
KO
Knock out genes
188
Axenic culture
A culture that is free from living organisms other than the species required
189
LUCA
Lowest universal common ancestor
190
Prokaryotes
1um, circular DNA, 70s ribosome
191
Eukaryotes
10um, linear DNA, 80s ribosomes
192
ENV
Noncultred by environmentally sequenced organism
193
Cellulase
Degrades cellulose
194
Liginiase
Paper making
195
Mycorrhizae
Fungi at lives around plant roots
196
Oomycete
Not a true fungus, evolved from yellow algae
197
Puccinia graminis
Wheat stem rust
198
Phytophthora infestans
Potato late blight
199
Manaporthe oryzae
Corn smut
200
Phakospora pachyrhizi
Soybean rust
201
Chytridiomycosis
Kills frogs
202
Geomyces destructans
Dehydration in bats
203
Cryptococcus Immitis
Breathed into lungs and kills immune compromised
204
Fungal storage compounds
Mannitol, trehalose, glycogen
205
Fungal cell wall made of
Chitin and glucans
