Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The members of this group experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality
A
Minority group
2
Q
The members of a minority group potentially share what two things that differentiates them from other groups?
A
- ) Visible trait
2. ) Characteristics
3
Q
T/F
Minority groups are self-conscious social units
A
True
4
Q
Membership in a minority group is usually determined when?
A
At birth
5
Q
T/F
Members of a minority group tend to marry outside the group
A
False
6
Q
2 forms of prejudice
A
- ) Cognitive
2. ) Affective
7
Q
Cognitive prejudice is…
A
The tendency to think about other groups in a particular manner
8
Q
To attach usually negative emotions to other groups
A
Affective prejudice
9
Q
Stereotypes are _______ that are thought to apply to all members of the group
A
Generalizations
10
Q
T/F
The two dimensions of prejudice are highly correlated
A
True
11
Q
The two dimensions of prejudice are distinct and separate and can vary _______
A
Independently
12
Q
How many types of theories are there involving the causes of prejudice?
A
3
13
Q
T/F
Theories that focus on personality needs as a cause of prejudice
A
True
14
Q
Theories that view prejudice as primarily the result of what 2 things?
A
- ) Being raised in a racist society
2. ) Interacting in many social situations in which discrimination is approved
15
Q
Theories that view prejudice as arising out of _______ conflict
A
Intergroup
16
Q
What is one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudices?
A
Competition between groups
17
Q
T/F
Typically prejudice is more a result of a competition than a cause
A
True
18
Q
The harsh, blatant forms of prejudice present for most of U.S. history have become _____ recently
A
Muted
19
Q
_____ prejudice is no longer a significant problem in American life
A
Individual
20
Q
Instead of disappearing, prejudice has taken what kind of form?
A
Subtle & indirect
21
Q
Prejudice has its origins in _______ competition
A
Intergroup
22
Q
Prejudice is more the result of competition rather than the _____
A
Cause
23
Q
Prejudice is used to do what two thing in regards to societal inequality that becomes part of a cultural heritage?
A
- ) Justify
2. ) Rationalize
24
Q
T/F
Discrimination and prejudice always occur together
A
False
25
Refers to behavior and may be defined as the unequal treatment of a person or persons based on group memebership
Discrimination
26
What are the 2 main components of Karl Marx's theoretical perspective on inequality?
1. ) Class conflict is inevitable
| 2. ) Relationship to the means of production
27
The two groups that fall under relationships to the means of production (Part of Marx's inequality theory) are?
1. ) Bourgeoisie (ruling class)
| 2. ) Proletariat (working class)
28
Economic position is the theory of inequality that belonged to whom?
Max Weber
29
The 2 aspects of economic position are...
1. ) Prestige
| 2. ) Power
30
What was the main concept behind Gerhard Lenski's theory of inequality?
Level of development of society
31
What feeds into the level of development of society
Subsistence technology
32
A process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially
Assimilation
33
As a society undergoes assimilation differences among groups begin to _____
Decrease
34
Exists when groups maintain their individual identities
Pluralism
35
In a pluralistic society groups remain separate and their ____ and _____ differences persist over time
1. ) Cultural
| 2. ) Social
36
T/F
Assimilation and pluralism are contrary process but they are not mutually exclusive
True
37
T/F
Assimilation and pluralism cannot occur together in a variety of combinations within a particular society or group
False - they can
38
Some segments of a society may be ______ while other are _____ (or even increasing) their differences
1. ) Assimilating
| 2. ) Maintaining
39
2 Types of Assimilation
1. ) Melting pot
| 2. ) Americanization/Anglo-conformity
40
A process in which different groups come together and contribute in roughly equal amounts to create a common culture and a new unique society
Melting pot
41
Rather than an equal sharing of elements and a gradual blending of diverse peoples assimilation in the U.S. was designed to maintain the predominance of the British-type institutional patterns created during the early years of American society
Americanization/Ango-conformity
42
Under Anglo-conformity what two groups are expected to adapt to Anglo-American culture as quickly as possible
1. ) Immigrant
| 2. ) Minority
43
Americanization has been a precondition for access to what 3 things?
1. ) Better jobs
2. ) Education
3. ) Other opportunities
44
What are the 4 main negative connotations brought around by Americanization?
1. ) Conflict
2. ) Anxiety
3. ) Demoralization
4. ) Resentment
45
Who/what make up the "traditional" perspective on Assimilation (Theories & concepts)?
1. ) Robert Park
2. ) Milton Gordon
3. ) Human Capital Theory
46
Who came up with the "Race Relations Cycle"?
Robert Park
47
What are the 4 components to Robert Park's Race Relations Cycle?
1. ) Contact
2. ) Competition
3. ) Accommodation
4. ) Assimilation
48
Robert Park assumed assimilation is what in a democratic and industrial society?
Inevitable
49
Park believe that in a political system based on what 3 things, all groups would eventually secure equal treatment under the law?
1. ) Democracy
2. ) Fairness
3. ) Impartial Justice
50
Who wrote "Assimilation in American Life"?
Milton Gordon
51
Milton Gordon differentiated between what 2 things?
1. ) Culture
| 2. ) Social structure
52
Social structure is composed of what 2 kinds of networks?
1. ) Primary networks
| 2. ) Secondary networks
53
What are Milton Gordan's 3 stages of assimilation?
1. ) Acculturation
2. ) Integration (structural assimilation)
3. ) Intermarriage (marital assimilation)
54
In this process the groups learns the culture of the dominant group including language and values
Acculturation
55
When do members of the group enter the public institutions and organizations of the dominant society?
At the secondary level of integration
56
What happens at the primary level of integration(structural assimilation)?
Members of the group enter the cliques, clubs and friendship groups of the dominant society
57
When do members of the group marry with members of the dominant society on a large scale?
During the intermarriage stage
58
More a status attainment theory than assimilation theory
Human capital theory
59
Human capital theory is _____ in explaining status attainment as it de-emphasizes structural factors in favor of individual factors
Incomplete
60
T/F
Human capital theory assumse fairness in U.S. society
True
61
What are the 3 types of Pluralism?
1. ) Cultural pluralism
2. ) Structural pluralism
3. ) Integration without acculturation
62
This form of pluralism only exists when groups have not acculturated and each maintains its own identity
Cultural pluralism
63
Structural pluralism exists when a group has ______ but not _____
1. ) Acculturated
| 2. ) Inegrated
64
T/F
Structural pluralism is when the group has adopted the Anglo-American culture but does not have full and equal access to the institutions of the larger society
True
65
Reverses the order of Gordon's first two phases
Integration without acculturation
66
Goes well beyond pluralism and exists among groups in French Canada, Scotland, Chechnya, Cyprus, Southern Mexico, Hawaii
Separatism
67
Revolution seeks to do what 3 things?
1. ) Switch places with the dominant group
2. ) Become the ruling elite
3. ) Or create a new social order
68
A massive immigration from Europe began _____
In the 1820s
69
_________ destroyed the traditional way of life as it introduced new technology, machines, and new sources of energy to the task of production
Industrialization
70
What was the response to industrialization?
Peasants began to leave their home villages and move toward urban areas
71
Where did the first wave or "Old Immigration" come from in the 1820s?
Northern and Western Europe
72
The second wave or "New Immigration" came from where in the 1880s?
Southern and Eastern Europe
73
All of the immigrant groups tended to follow "chains" established and maintained by the members of their groups
Chains of Immigration
74
In August of 1619 a Dutch ship arrived in Jamestown, Virginia and the master of the ship needed provisions and offered to trade his only cargo of...
20 black Africans
75
T/F
England and its colonies did not practice slavery in 1619
True
76
Instead of practicing slavery what did the colonies and England do?
Practice the use of indentured servants
77
What was the main business of colonies?
Agriculture
78
Farm work in the colonies was ______ ______ or preformed almost entirely by hand
Labor intensive
79
As colonial society grew and developed, a specific form of agricultural production began to emerge called what?
The plantation system
80
At the time plantations were rising what kind of labor force was coming in short supply?
White indentured servants from the British Isles
81
Attempts to solve the labor supply problem by using what race?
Native Americans
82
What are the two deciding factors as to why colonists chose to use slaves imported from Africa to solve the vexing shortage of labor?
1. ) Logical
| 2. ) Cost-effective
83
The colonists created ______ to cultivate their lands and generate profits, status, and success
Slavery
84
The conditions under which groups first come into contact determine the immediate fate of the minority group an shape intergorup relations for years to come
The Contact Situation
85
If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result
Noel Hypothesis
86
If a contact situation has all three characteristics of the Noel Hypothesis what will happen?
Some dominant-minority group structure will be created
87
What are the three characteristics of the Noel Hypothesis?
1. )Ethnocentrism
2. ) Competition
3. ) Differential in power
88
Blauner identifies what two different initial relationships?
1. ) Colonization
| 2. ) Immigration
89
The Blauner says that minority groups created by colonization will experience what 3 things more intensely than those created by immigration?
1. ) Prejudice
2. ) Racism
3. ) Discrimination
90
T/F
The disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups formed through immigrants
True
91
The nature of intergroup relationships will reflect a society's subsistence technology
Paternalistic relations
92
What are two factors of a society that will often result in it developing a for of minority relations called paternalism?
1. ) Small elite class
| 2. ) Plantation based economy
93
How many key features of paternalism are there?
5
94
What are the 5 features of paternalism
1. ) Vast power differentials and huge inequalities between dominant/ minority groups
2. ) Elaborate and repressive systems of control over the minority group
3. ) Caste-like barriers between groups
4. ) Elaborate and highly stylized codes of behavior and communication between groups
5. ) Low rates of overt conflict
95
Slavery was based on a _____
contradiction
96
What are the 3 main actions slaves took to fight the powerlessness they dealt with inhibiting them from resisting the system
1.) Revolted
2.) Ran away
3,) Used the forms of resistance most readily available to them
97
The ______ states industrialized first
Northern
98
What was one of the underlying causes of the regional conflict that led to the Civil War
Economic diversity
99
The system of race relations that replaced slavery in the south was...
De jure segregation or Jim Crow laws
100
Where did De jure segregation get its origins?
In the systems of sharecropping
101
What did sharecroppers do?
Worked the land for southern plantation elite in return for payment in shares of the profit when the crop was taken to market
102
What 2 things did black sharecroppers lack which made it difficult to keep unscrupulous white landowners honest?
1. ) Political rights
| 2. ) Civil Rights
103
T/F
Under this system sharecroppers has few opportunities to improve their situations and could be bound to the land until their "debts" were paid off
True
104
African Americans once again were locked into a _______ status
Subservient
105
T/F
The white southern working class wasn't protected from direct job competition with African Americans
False - they were
106
What did Plessy (vs) Ferguson (1896) determine?
It was constitutional for states to require separate facilities for African Americans as long as the separate facilities were fully equal
107
Under de jure segregation as under slavery the subordination of the African American community was ____ and ______ by an elaborate system of racial etiqette
Reinforced and supplemented
108
Transgressions against the system often resulted in death by ____
Lynching
109
What was the over all result of African Americans moving from rural to urban areas?
Allowed black political power to grow and eventually provided many of the crucial resources that fueled the Civil Rights movements
110
T/F
European immigrants groups saw the newly arriving black immigrants as a threat to their status
True
111
Which man in the black protest movement was associated with Accommodation?
Booker T. Washington
112
Which man in the black protest movement is associated with the NAACP and civil rights?
W.E.B. DuBois
113
Marcus Garvey was associated with which movement in the black protests?
Separatism
114
What 2 things impacted agriculture in the South and had a powerful effect on race relations?
1. ) Mechanization
| 2. ) Modernization
115
What were the 3 main ways agriculture in the South was affected by mechanization and modernization?
1. ) Need to maintain a large, powerless workforce declined
2. ) Migration northward to urban areas increased
3. ) Political power became more feasible for African Americans
116
What major event saw one of the first and most successful applications of the growing stock of black power?
WWII
117
This movement was a multifaceted campaign to end legalized segregation and ameliorate the massive inequalities face by African Americans
The Civil Rights Movement
118
What did the court case Brown (vs) Board of Education Tokepa (1954) do?
Reversed the Plessey (vs) Ferguson and ruled that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional
119
Where is the Civil Rights movement's origin usually traced back to?
Montgomery Alabama where on Dec. 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus
120
______ direct action became a method by which the system of de jure segregation was confronted head-on not in the courtroom or in the state legislature but in the streets
Nonviolent
121
What was nonviolent protest aimed at?
Confronting the forces of evil rather than those who were committing the evil themselves
122
Nonviolent protest attempted to win the friendship and support of its enemies rather than to ____ or _____ them
Defeat
| Humilate
123
The successes of the prortest movement combined with changing public opinion and the legal principles established by the supreme court coalesced in the mid 1960's to stimulate the passage of the what 2 laws that ended Jim Crow segregation?
1. ) Civil Rights Act of 1964
| 2. ) Voting Rights Act of 1965
124
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Banned the discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or gender
125
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
Specifically prohibited many of the practices (poll taxes, literacy tests, and whites-only primaries) traditionally used to keep African Americans politically powerless
126
What are the 4 factors that facilitated the success of the Civil Rights Movement?
1. ) Industrialization and urbanization particularly in the South
2. ) Post-WWII economic prosperity increased African American political power
3. ) The goals of the movement were assimilationist
4. ) Widespread sympathetic mass media coverage of the movement particularly TV
127
T/F
While the Civil Rights movement ended segregation its tactics were less useful in the actual distribution of valued societal resources
True
128
Segregation resulting from the apparently voluntary choices of dominant and minority groups alike it "just happens" as people and groups make decisions about where to live and work
De Facto Segregation
129
The de facto variety is often the ________ variety in thin disguise as in citites outside of the South
De jure
130
What was de factor segregation was often the direct result of?
Intentionally racist decisions made by the governmental and quasi-governmental agencies such as real estate boards, school boards, and zoning boards
131
______ _____ consisted largely of attacks by blacks against the symbols of their oppression and frustration
Urban unrest
132
Outside the South....
The problems were different and called for different solutions
133
A loose coalition of organizations and spokespersons that encompassed a variety of ideas and views many of which differed sharply from those of the civil rights movement
The Black Power Movement
134
What are some of central ideas of the Black Power Movement?
1) Racial pride
2. ) Interest in African Heritage
3. ) Black nationalism
4. ) Malcom X
5. ) The Nation of Islam
135
The Black Power Movement helped carve out a new _____ for African Americans as it supplied a view of African Americans that emphasized power, assertiveness, seriousness of purpose, intelligence and courage
Identity
136
Black power served as a new rallying cry for solidarity and unified action in the ________ _________ of erasing black-white inequality
Unfinished business
137
Only _______ of American society would rid African Americans of their main problem, institutionalized racism/discrimination
Restructuring
138
How many people claimed at least some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry
5 million
139
But there are only ____ million if we confine the group to people who select one race only
2.5
140
Roughly how many American Indians living in the continental U.S. in 1492?
Several million to 10 million
141
By 190 what was the Native American population reduced too?
250,000
142
Reservations were paternalistically controlled and corrupted by the _______ of the U.S. department of the interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
143
T/F
American Indians on the reservations were subjected to coercive acculturation of forced Americanization
True
144
What were the 2 main components of Americanization of the Native Americans?
1. ) Dawes Allotment Act of 1887
| 2. ) Boarding schools
145
A deeply flawed attempt to impose white definitions of land ownership and to transform American Indians into independent farmers by dividing their land among the families of each tribe
Dawes Allotment Act
146
Who was responsible for sending American Indian children to boarding schools which were sometimes hundreds of miles away from parents and kin where they were required to speak English, convert to Christianity and become educated in the ways of Western Civilization
BIA
147
IRA stands for what?
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
148
What were 4 things that occurred due to the Indian Reorganization Act?
1. ) Rescinded the Dawes Act
2. ) Mechanisms of coercive Americanization were dismantled
3. ) Financial aid were made available for the economic development of the reservations
4. ) Allowed for an increase in American Indian self-governance
149
Called for an end to the reservation system and all special relationships including treaty obligations between the federal government and the tribes
Termination
150
What 2 things were established around the same time termination was being enacted that attempted to encourage American Indians to move to urban areas?
1. ) Employment
| 2. ) Relocation assistance programs
151
What 2 legal policies were passed in 1975 ti help increase aid to reservation schools and American Indian students as well increased tribal control over the administration fo the reservations
1. ) Indian Self-Determination Act
| 2. ) Education Assistance Act
152
The Self-Determination Act....
Primarily benefited the larger tribes with well-established administrative and governing structures
153
Like the Black Power movement encompassed coalition of groups many considerably more assertive than the NCAI and a varied collection of ideas most of which stressed self determination and pride in race and cultural heritage
Red Power Movement
154
The significance of the Red Power Movement was that...
It encourage both pan-tribal unity an a continuation of tribal diversity
155
What were the 3 main goals of the modern protect movement centered around the American Indians?
1. ) Protecting American Indian resources and treaty rights
2. ) Striking a balance between assimilation and pluralism
3. ) Finding a relationship with the dominant group that would permit a broader array of life chances without sacrificing tribal identity and heritage
156
The racial identity of people who later their identity as they move between black and white social settings
Protean
157
Protean is the _____ common identity in a study of college students with one black and one white parent
Least
158
The racial identity of people who consider themselves to be either black or white
Singular identity
159
Singular identity is the ______ common identity in a study of college students with one black and one white parent
Second
160
The identity of people who rejected the concept of race and insisted on being seen as unique individuals
Transcendent identity
161
Transcendent identity is the _____ common identity in the study of college students with one black and one white parent
Third
162
This group consists largely of African Americans and other minority groups of color which have been more or less permanently barred from the mainstream economy and the primary labor markey
Urban underclass
163
An important tactic used during the civil rights movement in the South to defeat de jure segragation
Nonviolent direct action
164
Fatalism
The view that one's fate is beyond one's control
165
A theory assertion that poverty causes certain personality traits - such as the need for instant gratification - which in turn perpetuate poverty
Culture of poverty theory
166
The effort of African Americans in the 1950's and 1960's to win the rights they were entitled under the constitution
Civil Rights Movement
167
The racial identity of people who consider themselves mixed race rather than black or white
Border identity (most common)
168
A coalition of African american groups that rose to prominence in the 1960's - some central themes of the movement were black nationalism, autonomy for African American communities and pride in race and African heritage
Black Power Movement
169
The agency of the U.S. government that has primary responsibility for the administration of American Indian reservations
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
170
Federal legislation passed in 1934 that was intended to give Native American tribes more autonomy
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
171
A policy by which all special relationships between the federal government and American Indians would be abolished
Termination
172
______ was too brief to overcome two centuries of poverty, illiteracy and powerlessness
Reconstruction
173
The period of Reconstruction was a brief ____ in the long history of oppression and exploitation of African Americans
Respite
174
What are the 3 main things that happened during reconstruction?
1. ) 15th amendment enfranchised African Americans
2. ) Educaiton became possible
3. ) Land ownership and business ventures began to create a middle class
175
Harlem Renaissance became....
The first black ghettos and new forms of oppression that while different from and subtler than those of the South were still devastating in their impact
176
Besides weakening dominant group controls _____ also created the potential for minority groups to mobilize and organize large numbers of people
Urbanization
177
The growing needs of an urbanizing population meant....
More opportunities for minority groups
178
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
Trail of Tears
