Midterm

Question 1

3) What demographical characteristics modified the increase of life expectancy in the modern countries during the last hundred years?
a) Both genders benefited equally from the imporvements.
b) It was greater improvements for women than for men.
c) It was greater improvements for men than for women.
d) It was greater improvements for childless women than women with two or more children

Answer 1

**b) It was greater improvements for women than for men. **

Question 1

18) Social roles are:
a) The sum of total norms attached to social situations.
b) The sociological equivalents of the occupations, especially the professions.
c) Relationships that connects the individual to the society.
d) Behaviour that the individual believes is expected to conduct in given social situations although it does not feel right to him/her.

Answer 1

a) The sum of total norms attached to social situations

Question 2

33) The notion of ”profession” is not necessary related to:
a. Self regulation of the field.
b. Monopoly for practice and licensing.
c. Financing mechanism.
d. Service orientation or altruism

Answer 2

c. Financing mechanism.

Question 3

4) Illness behavior is:

a) The behavior of healthy person who tries to prevent illness.
b) The behavior of a person who has reason to believe that he or she is sick
c) The behaviour of a person who has been diagnosed as sick.
d) The behavior that makes a person ill.

Answer 3

**b) The behavior of a person who has reason to believe that he or she is sick. **

Question 3

6) Detached concern is:
a) Examination of the patients without touching him/her.
b) Shared attention towards professional standards and emotions.
c) Simultaneous distance from and sensisitivity towards patients.
d) Simultaneous distance from and sensitivity towards colleaugues.

Answer 3

c) Simultaneous distance from and sensitivity towards patients.

Question 4

27) Modern industrial disease patterns result in a shift of:

a. Mortality rates from low to high.
b. Fertility rates shift from high to low.
c. Main causes of death from infectious diseases to perinatal diseases.
d. Main cause of death from epidemics to chronic diseases.

Answer 4

d. Main cause of death from epidemics to chronic diseases.

Question 4

32) The social roles are:
a. A set of social connections.
b. A set of expectations towards behavior.
c. An occupational carrier.
d. An occupational behavior pattern.

Answer 4

b. A set of expectations towards behavior.

Question 4

9) Artifact explanantion for inequalities in health argues that inequalities occur:

a) Due to measurement error.
b) Due to complex selection processes.
c) Due to chain of social causes.
d) Due to inadequacy of health care provided for the poor.

Answer 4

a) Due to measurement error.

Question 4

35) Indirect socialisation is a hidden curriculum which does not inculde:
a. Superivision of sanitary conditions.
b. Unique organisation of space and time.
c. The use of medical slang.
d. Extraordinary and appalling experiences.

Answer 4

a. Superivision of sanitary conditions.

Question 5

10) Standardization is a technique for:
a) Making life expectancies comparable
b) Making populations similar to each other
c) For removing the effect of the age structure on mortality
d) For calculation age specific mortality rates.

Answer 5

**d) For calculation age specific mortality rates. **

Question 6

13) Expenditure on health care in developed countries ranges:
a) Between 6 and 16 % of GDP ( Gross Domestic Product)
b) Between 2 and 8 % of GDP
c) Between 10 and 15 % of GDP
d) From 10 to 15% GNP (Gross National Product)

Answer 6

a) Between 6 and 16% GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Question 7

31) What was the main cause of death in the pre-agricultural epidemiological era?
a. Gastro-intestinal infections.
b. Injuries.
c. Malnutrition and starvation.
d. Infectious diseases in general.

Answer 7

b. Injuries.

Question 7

23) Please interpret the diagram below:

a)

b)

c)

d)

Answer 7

b)

Question 8

7) Epidemiological transition is a process during which:
a) More infectious pandemics replaces less infectious ones.
b) External causes of disease replace cardiovascular diseases.
c) New epidemics replace older ones.
d) The importance of non-communicable disease increases.

Answer 8

d) The importance of non-communicable disease increases.

Question 9

37) What demographical characteriztics modified the increase of life expectancy in the modern countries during the last hundred years.
a. All age groups benefited equally from the improvements.
b. It were greater improvements for children and young people than for elderly.
c. It were greater improvements for the middle age people and the elderly than for the young generations.
d. The elderly experienced the greatest improvement atd this is the reason for the ageing of the society.

Answer 9

b. It were greater improvements for children and young people than for elderly.

Question 10

36) Professional dominance or autonomy means that:
a. Hospital staff includes several professionals.
b. The health care staff dominated by professionals in number.
c. Professionals determine their own standards.
d. Professionals determine their sources of financing health care.

Answer 10

c. Professionals determine their own standards.

Question 11

28) The main disadvantage of the British health system is:
a. Being underfunded.
b. The high level of unnecessary diagnostics tests performed.
c. The length of the average stay in the hospitals.
d. The large proportion of people being not insured.

Answer 11

a. Being underfunded.

Question 13

5) Professional socialization is a process during which:
a) Basic technical skills are thought.
b) Orientations between medical fields in taken place
c) Values of the professions are internalised
d) Management skills for medical practitioners are required

Answer 13

**c) Values of the professions are internalised **

Question 14

12) Indirect standardization:
a) Gives a result which can be expressed as percentages.
b) Uses a population of a given size (e.g. 100 000) and follows people dying out.
c) Gives a result which can be expressed in terms of years.
d) Gives a result which can be expressed in terms of number of people.

Answer 14

a) Gives a result which can be expressed as percentages.

Question 15

29) The main advantage of the American health is:
a. The quick adaptation of new technologies.
b. Fairness.
c. Secure insurance conditions.
d. The high level of administration

Answer 15

a. The quick adaptation of new technologies.

Question 16

30) Social roles are:
a. The sum total of norms attached to social situations.
b. The sociological equivalents of the occupations, especially the professions.
c. Relationships that connects the individual to the society.
d. Behavior that the individual believes is expected to conduct in given social situations although it does not feel right to him/her

Answer 16

a. The sum total of norms attached to social situations.

Question 18

34) Epidemiological transition is a process during which:
a. More infectious pandemics replace less infectious ones.
b. Mortality from infectious diseases increases.
c. New epidemics replace older ones.
d. Disease patterns profundly change.

Answer 18

d. Disease patterns profundly change.

Question 21

22) The MEDICARE program is:
a) Governmental health insurance scheme for the youth
b) Governmental health insurance scheme for the elderly
c) Governmental health insurance scheme for the drug addicts
d) Is a cooperative like organization of providers.

Answer 21

b) Governmental health insurance scheme for the elderly

Question 22

25) In the modern industrial era mortality caused by infectious diseases declined because of:

a. The introduction of the germ theory.
b. Increased food safety.
c. Mass vaccination.
d. Clean drinking water supply

Answer 22

d. Clean drinking water supply.

Question 23

14) In **financing of modern health care systems**, the **"third party"** can be: a) A drug company b) The government c) A physician's associations. d) An associations of nurses.

Answer 23

**b) the government.**

Question 24

19) **Health care expenditure** in most developed countries is: a) Mostly publicly financed b) Financed mainly by charity organizations. c) Financed mainly by private funds. d) Financed mainly by "out of pocket" e.g. by direct payment of the patients.

Answer 24

**a) Mostly publicly financed**

Question 26

17) The **main advantage** of the **British** health care is: a) The quick adaptation of new techniques b) The length of the waiting list c) The high salary given to the nurses d) Fairness

Answer 26

**d) Fairness.**

Question 27

1) Health behaviour is: a) Behavior of healthy people who try to maintain their health b) The compliance behavior of sick people who wants to regain their health c) The behavior of people who decide to give up health-risking behaviours such as heavy drinking or smoking. d) The behavior of people who are dedicated to healthy eating and put the emphasis on the quality, not quantity, of food in their diet.

Answer 27

**a) Behavior of healthy people who try to maintain their health**

Question 28

24) In the pre-agricultural society one of the main causes of death was: a. Heart disease. b. Injury. c. Suicide. d. Cancer

Answer 28

b. Injury.

Question 29

20) In **financing of modern health systems**, the **"Third Party"** is **_never_**: a) The government b) A set of insurance companies c) A set of insurance funds d) An association of drug companies.

Answer 29

**d) An association of drug companies. **

Question 30

8) **Compression of morbidity**: a) Is the result of the improvement of medical care b) Means that diseases are more and more concentrated among the poor. c) Means that diseases are more complex in modern societies. d) Means that the onset of the disease shift towards the older ages

Answer 30

**d) Means that the onset of the diseases shift towards the older ages. **

Question 31

2) What phenomenon is called the **"symptom iceberg"** a) Sick people visit their doctor only with the most serious problems b) Docters treat only health problems that are serious enough to medical attention c) The majority of the symptoms people have never get medical attention. d) The majority of people never see doctors.

Answer 31

**c)The majority of symptoms people have never get medical attention. **

Question 32

16) The **notion** of the **local marked** in health care is: a) That health care is not exposed to globalisation b) That general practitioners ae competing with hospitals. c) That general practitioners are competing with each other. d) That secondary and tertiary level providers of health care are compteting with each other locally.

Answer 32

**d) That secondary and tertiary level providers of health care are competing with each other locally.**

Question 33

11) We can measure **mortality** by: a) Subjective measures of health b) Self-rated health c) Life expectancy d) Profiles

Answer 33

**c) Life expectancy **

Question 34

21) A **fund-holder general practitioner: ** a) Is allowed to buy services for his/her patients b) Is required to buy services for his/ her patients c) Is responsible to the local hospital d) Is an employee of an insurance fund

Answer 34

**b) Is required to buy services for his/her patients.**

Question 36

26) The **percentage** of **GDP spendt on health care** in developing countries around **2009** in between: a. 3% and 5%. b. 5% and 10%. c. 3% and 20%. d. 5% and 20%.

Answer 36

**d. 5% and 20%.**

Question 37

15) The **"prototypes" of health care systems**, representing two **polar types** are: a) The Swedish and the American systems b) The British and the Swedish systems c) The German and the British systems. d) The British and American systems.

Answer 37

**d) The Bristish and the American systems.**