Midterm

Question 1

Advance directive

Answer 1

A written expression of a person’s wishes about medical care, especially care during a terminal or critical illness.

Question 2

Applied ethics

Answer 2

is the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.

Question 3

Arguments:

• Moral/value premise
• Non-moral/Fact/empirical premise
• Conclusion

Answer 3

Premise: Kaylee is pretty
Fact: All girls are pretty
Conclusion: Therefore, kaylee is a girl and she is pretty.

Question 4

Assent/Dissent (v. consent/refusal)

Answer 4

Assent: like when 15 year olds bang and they can’t give consent because they are not of age.
Dissent: the expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially held.

Question 5

Autonomy

Answer 5

A formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve respecting the autonomous choices of individuals. (Note: autonomy is also a psychological state of an individual who is capable of being self-determine or self-legislating. the moral principle of autonomy holds that one has a duty to respect the self-determined choices of autonomous individuals).

Question 6

Avoiding killing (principle of)
-Do we need it?

Answer 6

we can let you die but we cannot kill you. we need this principle in order to explain why we make certain judgments. should you be committed to it? maybe maybe not. we need it to explain judgments we make but do we need to be committed to it?

Question 7

Belmont Principles

• What are they?
• What does Veatch add?
• Do we need all of Veatch’s?
• Should there be more?

Answer 7

What are they: autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-malificence
Veatch adds: veracity, fidelity and avoiding killing
Do we need all: no we do not need avoiding killing, but it is commonly used but you must evaluate

Question 8

Beneficence

• Hippocratic
• General utility

Answer 8

beneficence: the principle that holds that actions are morally right insofar as they produce as much or more benefit than alternative actions.
general beneficent: generally producing good outcomes

Question 9

Benefits (calculation of)

• Medical/non-medical
• Subjective/objective

Answer 9

jjio

Question 10

Benevolence

Answer 10

The virtue involving a persistent disposition to will the good.

Question 11

Casuistry

Answer 11

The approach to ethics that addresses case problems by applying paradigm or settled case attempting to identify orally relevant similar and dissimilar features.

Question 12

Categorical Imperative

Answer 12

an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person’s inclination or purpose.

Question 13

Code of Ethics

Answer 13

document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organization’s core values and the standards to which the professional will be held.

Question 14

Common morality

Answer 14

In order to do bioethics we have to have come solving the issue of metaethics principles. assumption that we all have a shared common morality. the morals we assume we all have in common.

Question 15

Competence/non competence

Answer 15

jojo

Question 16

Consent/Refusal (v. assent/dissent)

Answer 16

consent- when you want to bang and you’re old enough so you can, but you were probs gonna anways
refusal- when you don’t want something, like getting raped

Question 17

Critical v experiential needs

Answer 17

Critical: things that come out of critical thought process and are expressed in advanced directive.
Experiential:

Question 18

Death- definitions and criteria (organ donations)

-permanent v. irreversible cessation

Answer 18

article about permanent vs. irreversible.

Question 19

Deontological/Duty based

Answer 19

Duty-based ethics: any of a group of normative ethical theories that base assessment of rightness or wrongness of actions on duties or “inherent right-making characteristics” of actions or rules rather than on consequences
Duty-based principles: ethical principles based on formal obligations to act in certain ways toward others regardless of the consequences. among the deontological or duty-based principles are fidelity, autonomy, veracity, and avoidance of killing (sometimes collectively referred to as the principles of “respect for persons”) as well as the social ethical principle of justice.

Question 20

Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare

Answer 20

A type of advance medical directive in which legal documents provide the power of attorney to another person in the case of an incapacitating medical condition.

Question 21

Ethics of Care

Answer 21

ethics that say our behavior of others should come from a relationship of caring or be modeled as such. You are best when you care about the patient.

Question 22

Event (v process) model of informed consent

Answer 22

jojo

Question 23

Fidelity

Answer 23

Loyalty; keeping promises. commitment you have to prioritize your patient.
-a formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve keeping commitments, promises, or contracts.

Question 24

Hippocratic tradition

Answer 24

Hippocratic principle: the core principle of the Hippocratic Oath, holding that the physician pledges to benefit his patient according to his ability and judgment and protect the patient form harm
Hippocratic ethics: consequentialist ethics that limits the relevant consequences to those that affect the individual patient.

Question 25

Informed consent | -3 criteria for adequacy

Answer 25

ojoj

Question 26

Justice (Rawlsian & Utilitarian)

Answer 26

ojojo

Question 27

Living Will

Answer 27

legally defined document in which you indicate whether you want everything done, little done except hydration and nutrition, or nothing done (withhold hydration and nutrition)

Question 28

Meta ethics

Answer 28

The branch of ethics having to do with eh meaning and justification of ethical terms and norms

Question 29

Moral Status/Standing | -Specify different levels

Answer 29

Moral standing: the status of humans (and other beings) who have moral claims on others or to whom others have duties. -know criteria for moral status:

Question 30

Moral v non moral definitions (of person, death, etc.)

Answer 30

-moral principles: general and abstract characteristics of morally right action. the main elements of part of normative ethics called action theory. -moral rules: concrete statements specifying patterns of morally right conduct, sometimes believed to be derived from more abstract moral principles or, alternatively, created as summaries of patterns of individual case judgements. -Person (moral definition): humans (and other beings) who posses full or maximal moral standing Person (nonmoral definition): humans (and other beings) who possess some critical physical or mental capacity such as self-consciousness, self-awareness, or rationality.

Question 31

Narrativism

Answer 31

ojojo

Question 32

Negative Rights

Answer 32

a right to be left alone, to be free from the interference of others to act autonomously. negative rights are often baed on the principle of autonomy.

Question 33

Non-maleficence (3 different principles) - Hippocratic (protect) - 19th century (premium non nocere/ first, do no harm) - General utility (non-utility)

Answer 33

Non-maleficence: the moral principle that actions or practices are right insofar as they avoid producing bad consequences.

Question 34

Non-malevolence

Answer 34

hippocratic: i am supposed to protect my patient. protecting, not making my patient worse

Question 35

Normative ethics

Answer 35

the branch of ethics having to do with standards of right or wrong

Question 36

Paternalism (paternalistic)

Answer 36

action taken to benefit another person done for the welfare of that person, but against his or her will. "strong paternalism" involves taking such action even thought the individual benefited is mentally competent; "weak paternalism" involves actions taken forth benefit of an individual who is either known to be incompetent or who is suspected of being so.

Question 37

Palliative

Answer 37

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.

Question 38

Positive Rights

Answer 38

a right not only to act autonomously, but also to have access to the means necessary to carry out ones actions. positive rights must be based not on the principle of autonomy, but on the bases of some other principles such as beneficence or justice.

Question 39

Principlism

Answer 39

We solve problems by dealing with principles.

Question 40

Process model of informed consent

Answer 40

joj

Question 41

Relativism (cultural/moral)

Answer 41

in metaethics, the position that there are multiple sources of groundings of moral judgments such as the approval of various cultures to which any correct moral judgment must conform.

Question 42

Utilitarianism/ Utility

Answer 42

Utilitarianism: the normative ethical theory that is committed to the view that the correct action or rule is the one that produces the best consequences considering all parties affected; often limited to those forms of consequential ethics that envision calculations of anticipated benefits and harms by subtracting expected amount and probability of harm from expected amount and probability of benefit for each affected party and then summing the net benefits for all those affected. - Objective hippocratic utility: the principle that they physician should benefit the patient and protect the patient from harm as the benefits and harms are determined by standard that are objective rather than based not the physicians personal judgments. - subject hippocratic utility: the principle that the physician should benefit the patient and protect the patient form harm as the benefits and harms are determined by the physician.

Question 43

Veracity

Answer 43

commitment to tell the truth -a formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve communicating truthful and avoiding dishonesty.

Question 44

Virtue Ethics

Answer 44

Virtue theory: the portion of normative this having to do with virtues, that is, persistent dispositions or traits of good character in persons

Question 45

VSED

Answer 45

Voluntary stopping eating and drinking