Midterm Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
oldest and LARGEST organization of public health professionals in WORLD
NOT CONSIDERED A GOVT. AGENCY
A
American Public Health Association
2
Q
series of individuals, communities, activities and programs working to PROMOTE, PREVENT, ENSURE
A
public health (defined by American Public Health Association)
3
Q
what we do as a society collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
A
public health (defined by Institute of Medicine)
4
Q
public health is the ____ in the triad of health, chiropractic is the ____, and allopathic is the ___
A
environment
host
agent
5
Q
public health main GOAL
A
prevention
6
Q
of essential public health services
A
10
7
Q
of core functions
A
3
8
Q
4 essential public health services used in chiropractic
A
1 inform, educate and empower
2 mobilize community partnerships
3 link people/provide care
4 research
9
Q
the goal of any community or HC provider should be to ______ the # of years of ____ life of the population
A
prolong
healthy
10
Q
illness, a diseased condition or state
- incidence of disease within population
A
morbidity
11
Q
the # of people who have DIED from disease or condition
A
mortality
12
Q
the limit of natural life
A
life span
13
Q
the average length of life a person or group is LIKELY to live
A
life expectancy
14
Q
avg life expectancy has increased since the 1900’s… ____ of those years are attributed to advances in _____
A
25 years
public health
15
Q
office setting-based care, ambulatory outpatients, emphasizes PREVENTION, health promotion
A
primary care
16
Q
primary care is considered more ____ than specialized
A
general
17
Q
basic public health SCREENINGS are under
A
primary care
18
Q
hospital setting-based care; inpatients who have been rendered at least partially NON-ambulatory, and are bed-ridden for at least a portion of the day
A
secondary care
19
Q
routine surgeries are under ____ care
A
secondary
20
Q
secondary care is more _____, intensive and ____ than primary care
A
specialized
costly
21
Q
hospital-based setting, uses advanced techniques, technology, equipment, personnel, etc
A
tertiary care
22
Q
complicated surgeries
qualitatively and quantitatively more specialized
more intensive and expensive
A
tertiary care
23
Q
chiropractic care = ___ care
A
primary
24
Q
prevention of the OCCURENCE or INCIDENCE of illness or injury
ex. FOOD RECALL
A
primary prevention
25
prevention of disease or injury PROGRESSION (prevention of severity or prevalence of disease or injury)
- reduce EXTENT of burden on health
ex. EXERCISE (if they already have the condition)
ex. *basic SCREENING exams*
secondary prevention
26
prevention of permanent disability or death due to illness or injury; ongoing care and REHABILITATION for affected populations
-treatment of COMPLICATIONS and RESTORATION of functions
tertiary prevention
27
public agencies
governmental
28
hybrid agencies that perform some tasks assigned by govt, but operate more like voluntary
ex. RED CROSS
quasi-governmental
29
private agencies that can be part of or affiliated with govt. agency and carry out specific govt. obligations
non-governmental
30
government agencies are operated and managed by ______; funded primarily by _____ and found at many levels
govt officials
| taxes of assessments
31
largest department in federal govt
Department of Health and Human Services
32
big 3 NGO (non-govt. agencies)
american cancer society
american heart association
american lung association
33
an alliance of international chiro associations; has status with the WHO as a formally affiliated NGO
world federation of chiropractic (WFC)
34
```
coordinate chiropractic public health programs with WHO initiatives, cabinet level programs, projects and priorities
ex. Chiro Against Tobacco (CAT)
Straighten Up & Move
Just Start Walking
World Spine Care
```
WFC (world federation of chiropractic) Public Health Committee
35
study of distribution and patterns of health and disease and their causes in populations
how many, who, when, where, common traits
epidemiology
36
the # of EXISTING cases of given disease in a population at a given time
prevalence
37
of cases at a specific point in time
point prevalence
38
of cases over a specified period of time
period prevalence
39
the # of NEW CASES of a disease within a specified population during a given time period
- measure of RISK for developing disease
incidence
40
diseases that last 3 months or LESS
acute disease
41
diseases that last 3 months or MORE
chronic disease
42
a disease that is constantly present in the community or population
endemic disease
43
only a few scattered cases within an area or population
sporadic diseases
44
a large # of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected
epidemic diseases
45
an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent
pandemic disease
46
something that produces an outcome; can be difficult to establish
cause
47
ice cream causes death by drowning is an example of ____
logical fallacy
48
epidemiological study MC in public health that includes WHO, WHEN, WHERE
descriptive studies
49
epidemiological study that's purpose is testing of hypotheses about relationships btwn health problems and possible risk factors
analytical studies (includes experimental and observational)
50
investigator actually allocates the exposure and subsequently follows the subjects for the development of disease
experimental studies
51
study that is considered the GOLD STANDARD; investigator randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the participants
*bias is minimized*; casual inferences are enhances**
randomized clinical trials (RCT)
52
```
cohort
case-control
cross-sectional
case-studies
all considered ____ type of study
```
observational studies
53
cohort is identified in present time and followed up prospectively -- looks forward ; example is _____ study
prospective
| cohort
54
the population at risk and outcome events are identified from existing records or other data sources -- looks backwards ; example is ____ study
retrospective
| case-control
55
survey, NO follow up
cross-sectional studies
56
the use of existing data to investigate research questions without the need for primary data collection
secondary data analysis
57
type of secondary data analysis in which you consolidate data and provide summary of conclusions
systematic reviews
58
type of secondary data analysis in which you consolidate the data and provide NEW data analysis/statistics
meta-analysis
59
blueprint to effectively track and address the most important health care needs of all Americans; focuses on disease PREVENTION and health PROMOTION
healthy people initiative
60
considered the cornerstone of evidence-based PREVENTION and health PROMOTION activities in the US
healthy people initiative
61
overarching goals of healthy people 2020
1 attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, etc.
2 eliminate disparities
3 create social and physical environments that promote good health
4 promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors
62
new goal for healthy people 2020 initiative
achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups
63
of leading health indicators and # of focus areas for healthy people 2020
12 leading health indicators
| 42 focus areas
64
of leading health indicators and # of focus areas for healthy people 2020
12 leading health indicators
| 42 focus areas
65
a wellness model of practice incorporates (3) components
adjusting
screening
health behavior counseling
66
**leading CHRONIC DISEASES** in order
```
1 heart disease and stroke
2 cancer
3 diabetes
4 arthritis
5 obesity
```
67
**leading CAUSES OF DEATH** in order
```
1 heart disease
2 cancer
3 chronic respiratory diseases
4 stroke
5 accidents
```
68
___ of American adults currently affected by heart disease; #1 risk is _______ ; lifetime risk is higher in ____
1/3 of American adults
having immediate family member with cardiovascular incidence prior to 55 y.o.
-higher in males (67%)
69
largest study thats ever been done that looks into risk factors for heart disease (since 1940)
Framingham Heart Study
70
heart disease DECREASING risk factors (8)
```
decrease BP
decrease cholesterol levels
control diabetes
quit smoking
increase physical activity
maintain healthy weight
eat well
decrease inflammation
```
71
heart disease DECREASING risk factors (8)
```
decrease BP
decrease cholesterol levels
control diabetes
quit smoking
increase physical activity
maintain healthy weight
eat well
decrease inflammation
```
72
- leading cause of death for people younger than 85
| - #2 cause of mortality throughout the world
cancer
73
the most common cause of cancer-related DEATH in both men and women
- 80% due to smoking
lung cancer
74
lung cancer decreasing risk factors
```
avoid smoking
avoid second-hand smoke exposure
avoid asbestos, radon, arsenic, tar soot, nickel and some forms of silica and chromium
limit alcohol intake
eat a balanced diet
```
75
most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women; 2nd leading cause of cancer-related death in women
breast cancer
76
decreasing risk factors of breast cancer
- minimize use of oral contraceptives
- minimize use of hormone replacement therapy
- maintain healthy weight
- exercise regularly
- minimize alcohol intake
- have children early in life
- breastfeed
77
3rd leading cause of cancer-related deaths overall
| **90% diagnosed in ppl > 50 y.o.**
colorectal cancer
78
colorectal cancer decreasing risk factors
get colonoscopies and polyps removed
maintain healthy weight
decrease red meet intake
increase fiber intake
79
most commonly diagnosed cancer among American MEN
| *2nd leading cause of cancer-related death in men
prostate cancer
80
prostate cancer decreasing risk factors
- eat low-fat diet, variety of fruits/veggies
- decrease calcium supplementation
- maintain healthy weight
- exercise
- drink green tea
- control prostate infection/inflammation
81
incidence of type II diabetes has ____ in middle ages in the past 30 years
doubled
82
diabetes decreasing risk factors
```
increase physical activity
maintain healthy weight
eat low-fat, non-processed diet
decrease fat intake, increase fiber intake
no smoking
```
83
diabetes decreasing risk factors
```
increase physical activity
maintain healthy weight
eat low-fat, non-processed diet
decrease fat intake, increase fiber intake
no smoking
```
84
__ million people in US have some form of arthritis; project ___ million in 2030
50 million
| 67 million
85
one of the most common disorders in WORLD
arthritis
86
MC form of arthritis and MC joint disorder in world
OA
87
OA is most prevalent in what parts of body
hand, knee, hip and intervertebral facet joints
88
OA risk factors
```
obesity
physical activity
joint injury
joint deformity
muscle weakness/imbalance
diet
genetics
```
89
___ affects 1.3 million adults and approx 300,000 children
RA
90
at current rate, ___ American adults are predicted to be overweight or obese by 2048; rates in kids has ___
ALL
| tripled
91
BMI for overweight
25-29
92
BMI for obese
>30
93
weight loss strategies
```
diet therapy
increased physical activity
behavioral therapy
pharmacotherapy
surgery
```
94
most common and costly of all health problems, but also most PREVENTABLE
chronic diseases
95
4 common modifiable behaviors that are responsible for much of illness, disability, and premature death related to chronic diseases
physical activity
poor diet
tobacco use
excessive alcohol use
96
engaging in NO LEISURE-time physical activity in a 2- week period
sedentary lifestyle
97
according to CDC and American College of Sports Medicine, every US adult should accumulate ___ minutes OR MORE of moderate- intensity physical activity on most, preferable_____ days of week
30 minutes
| ALL days of week
98
leading cause of PREVENTABLE illness and death in US
tobacco use
99
secondhand smoke, involuntary smoking and passive smoking are all AKA ______ and are considered ______ carcinogen
```
environmental tobacco smoke
class A carcinogen (at least 69 known of)
```
100
smoke released directly from smoldering cigarette; contains much higher concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO than mainstream smoke because it has not been filtered by smoker's lungs
sidestream smoke
101
smoke exhaled by smoker
mainstream smoke
102
_____ of gestation are critical
last 6 months
103
3rd leading cause of PREVENTABLE mortality in US
alcohol
104
___% of American 12 y.o and older are current drinkers
52
105
____ increases risk for unintentional injuries, contributes to intentional violence and is #1 rape drug
alcohol
106
low to moderate amounts of alcohol may help reduce risk of (5)
```
developing heart disease
heart attack
stroke
gallstones
diabetes
```
