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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptions to his or her environment

A

Health

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2
Q

A collective body of individuals identified by common characteristics such as geography interests, experiences, concerns or values

A

Community

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3
Q

T/F
community health is considered to be actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur

A

False

this is the definition of public health

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4
Q

_____ ______ system is an organizational mechanism of those activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organization and individuals

A

Public Health System

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5
Q

_____ health is the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health

A

community health

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6
Q

_____ health is the health stays of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health

A

Population health

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7
Q

T/F
Population health is related to problem s , issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions

A

False

this is Global health

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8
Q

______ are individuals actions and decision making that affect health of individuals or immediate family members

A

personal health activities

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9
Q

______ _____ _____ are activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community

A

Community health activities

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10
Q

List the factors that affect the health of a community

A
  1. physical
  2. social and cultural
  3. community organizing
  4. individual behavior
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11
Q

List what is affected with physical factors

A
  1. geography ( altitude, latitude, climate)
  2. Environment (population growth, depletion of nonrenewable resources)
  3. Community size ( larger the community, the greater the range of health problems)
  4. Industrial development (positive and negative effects on health )
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12
Q

List some affects with social and cultural factors

A
  • beliefs, traditions
  • economy (tax changes, donations budget cuts)
  • Politics ( government involvement)
  • Religion - may take a position on health care
  • social norm ( smoking, alcohol)
  • Socioeconomic status ( education, employment )
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13
Q

explain why community organizing is an important factor

A
  • communities can help identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals
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14
Q

explain what herd immunity is

A

the resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals

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15
Q

what were some things that happened in the eighteen century related to health

A
  1. characterized by industrial growth, living conditions not conductive to good health- cities overcrowded, water supplies inadequate, unsanitary
  2. Jenner and smallpox vaccination 1796
  3. First U.S. Census
  4. Infectious disease outbreaks common
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16
Q

What were some things that happened during the 19th century

A
  1. westward expansion in the US; government approach to health problems laissez faire; epidemics in major cities; john snow and the broad street pump
  2. modern era of the public health 1850- present
    - American Public health associated founded
    - nurses hired
  3. Bacteriological period of public health 1875-1900
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17
Q

What are some important events in the 20th century

A
  1. health resources development period (1900-1960)- growth of health care facilities
  2. period of social engineering (1960-1973)
    - medicare and medicaid ( 1965)
  3. Period of health promotion (1974- present)
    • Healthy people report
    • National prevention strategy
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18
Q

list some things that occurred in the 21is century

A
  1. US community/ Public health in the early 2000s
    a. health care delivery
    b. environmental problems
    c. lifestyle disease
    d. communicable disease ( AIDS,SARS)
    e. alcohol and drug abuse
    f. health disparities
    H disaters
    I Bioterrisim
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19
Q

T/F

communities today are more independent on state and federal funding

A

false

they are less autonomous and more dependent on state and federal funding

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20
Q

A method of funding in which funds are transmitted from federal or state government to the local level

A

Top- down funding

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21
Q

Governmental health agencies are funded primarily by ______

A

tax dollars

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22
Q

name the most widely recognized international governmental health organization

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

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23
Q

The (WHO) charter adopted in ____, constitution ratified in _____ and the work began in ______

A
  • 1945
  • 1946
  • 1948
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24
Q

what is the purpose and work of the world health organization

A

the primary objective is attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health ; 22 core functions

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25
name the six major challenges to meeting goals for the (WHO)
1. food security 2. gender equality 3. maternal health 4. rural development 5. infrastructure 6. responses to climate change
26
T/F each national government has a department or agency that has the primary responsibility for the protection of the health and welfare of its citizens
True
27
United States primary national health agency is the _______________
Department of Health and Human Services
28
The Department of Health and Human Services was formed in _____ and represents ___% of the federal budget
- 1980 | - 25%
29
Name the core functions of Public Health
- assessment of information on the health of the community - comprehensive public health policy development - assurance that public health services are provided to the community - core function defined by 10 essentials public health services
30
who is the state health department appointed by?
the state governor
31
what is the funding of local health departments
- by local sources, state funding and federal pass - through fund
32
T/F | Public schools are local health organizations , funded by state funding
false | it is governmental health organizations that are funded by tax dollars
33
explain what is Quasi- Governmental Health Agencies
it is an organization that have some responsibilities assigned by the government but operate more like voluntary agencies
34
name some examples of a Quasi- governmental health agency
- American Red Cross - National science foundation - national academy of sciences
35
What are some services that the american red cross does ...what are their nongovernmetnal services
- offical duties include providing relief to victims of natural disasters, and serving as the liaison between members of the active armed forces and their families during emergencies - non governmental - blood drives, safety services, nursing and health services
36
how are non governmental health agencies funded
- by private donations or membership dues arose due to unmet health need
37
what are the purpose of voluntary health agencies
- basic objectives- raise money to fund programs and research, provide education, provide service to those affected and to advocate - all fundraise differently ; focus on keeping fundraising costs low
38
Philantthropic foundations are ________
an endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind
39
list the non governmental health agencies
- voluntary health agencies - professional health organizations - philanthropic foundations - service, social and religious organization - corporate involvement in community health
40
Providers______
health care facilities or health professionals that provide health care services
41
Almshouse define
poorhouse, run by local government , place to revive car back in the colonial times
42
Pesthouse define
served as a place of isolation for infectious diseases
43
______ clinical preventive services, first contact treatment services and ongoing care for commonly encountered medical conditions
Primary Medical Care
44
________ specialized attention and ongoing management for common and less frequently encountered medical conditions, including support services for people with special challenges due to chronic or long-term conditions
Secondary Medical Care
45
_________ specialized and technologically sophisticated medical and surgical care for those with unusual or complex conditions, generally no more than few percent of the need in any service category
Tertiary Medical Care
46
_____ Care is provided after successful treatment or when the progress of an incurable disease has been arrested
Restorative
47
___ Care for people with chronic illness, disabilities or other conditions that limit them physically or mentally
Long-term Care
48
______ are health care professionals with the education and legal authority to treat any health problem
independent providers
49
______ Providers are independent providers whose remedies for illnesses produce effects different from those of the disease
Allopathic Providers
50
_____ Providers use remedies emphasize the interrelationships of the body's systems in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
Osteopathic Providers
51
T/F | Chiropractors are allopathic independent health care provider who treats health problems by adjusting the spinal column
False | Nonallopathic
52
______ Providers provide non traditional forms of health care
Non allopathic providers
53
_______ the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations
epidemiology
54
_____ an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health - related behavior or other health - related event in a particular population
epidemic
55
______ disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
endemic disease
56
____ an outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area such as a continent
Pandemic
57
Epidemics throughout time led to ____ and ____ of communicable diseases
- description | - investigation
58
____ is the number of new- health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by the total number in that same population
incidence rate
59
_____ is a disease that lasts three months or less
Acute disease
60
____ rate is an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak, expressed as a percentage
attack rate
61
____ rate is the number of new and old cases of a disease in a population in a given period of tie, divided by the total number in that population
Prevalence rate
62
often diseases are classified by organ or organ system , another method is _____ agent
causative agent
63
________ disease is an illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic products that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
communicable (infectious)
64
_____ disease is a disease that cannot be transmuted from infected host or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
noncommunicable
65
T/F | Anthroponoses is a communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
false this is zoonosis | anthroponoses is a disease that infects only humans
66
___ transmission is the immediate transfer of an infectious agent by direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals
direct
67
______ transmission is a communicable disease transmission involving an intermediate step
Indirect
68
describe what vehicle transmission is
an inanimate material or object that can serve as a source of infection
69
Describe airborne transmission
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry
70
Vehicleborne transmission
contaminated materials or objects serve as vehicles
71
Vectorborne transmission
transfer of disease by a living organism
72
Biological transmission
multiipulcation and/or developmental changes of the diease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs
73
T/F | America's leading causes of disease are communicable diseases
false | non communicable
74
___________ model a visual representation of the host together with various internal and external factors that promote and protect against disease
Multicausation disease model
75
list some examples of noncommunicable diseases
``` coronary heart disease cerebrovascular disease cancers diabetes mellitus chronic liver disease COPD ```
76
for more than 80 years _______ has been the leading cause of death
heart disease
77
____ prevention are measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre pathogenesis period
Primary
78
_____ prevention measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability and prevent more sever pathogenesis
Secondary
79
_____ prevention measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
tertiary
80
lists some examples of primary prevention of communicable diseases
- chlorination of water supply | - proper hand washing
81
Secondary prevention of communicable diseases are:
- self diagnosis - isolation - quaratine - disinfection
82
tertiary prevention oof communicable disease
recovery to full health | preventing recurrence of an epidemic
83
Primary prevention of non communicable disease
- education , healthy lifestyle practices | - adequate food and energy supply
84
secondary prevention of non communicable disease
- personal screenings | - provision of mass screenings
85
tertiary prevention of non communicable disease
- significant behavioral or lifestyle changes | - adequate emergency medical personnel
86
name the 3 methods of control for a disease
1. eliminating the disease causing agent 2. preventing the organism from multiplying 3. eliminating the reservoir
87
canning requires a processing temp of _____ F or higher to destroy the spores of Clostridium botulinum
250 degrees
88
when staphylococcus ____ is found in food , the food must be thrown out be causes the ____ cannot be inactivated by heat
enteroxin

public health (1 decks)

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