Midterm

Question 1

how many bones in the body

Answer 1

206
appendicular 126
axial 80

Question 2

what is the last bone to ossify

Answer 2

clavical

Question 3

role of bone

Answer 3

connective tissue
supports mechanical loads
protect vital organs
mineral homeostasis
site for hematopoiesis

Question 4

which germ layer created bone

Answer 4

mesoderm

Question 5

long bones begin as what in fetus

Answer 5

hyaline cartilage

Question 6

intramembranous ossification is

Answer 6

embryonic connective tissue transforming into bone

growth occurs by transformation of mesenchymal cells to osteoid bone without a cartilagenous pre-modeling

Question 7

what kind of bones favor intramembranous ossification

Answer 7

flat bones

increases diameter of the bone

Question 8

endochondral bone formation

Answer 8

laying down bone on cartilagenous scaffold

Question 9

2 forms of endchondral ossification

Answer 9

primary and secondary

Question 10

what is primary endochondral

Answer 10

cartilaginous tissue form mesechymal cells transforms to bone
lengthens bone
in utero

Question 11

secondary endochondral ossification centers

Answer 11

occurs within epiphyses and apophyses

post partum

Question 12

what is the thin plate of cartilage between primary and secondary centres

Answer 12

growth plates

Question 13

how many secondary ossifications centres are there

Answer 13

9

Question 14

what bones are gen secondary ossification

Answer 14

tubular bones
vert
ethmoid
inferior conchae

Question 15

apophysis

Answer 15

attachment site for tendons and ligaments

secondary oss

Question 16

enthesis

Answer 16

attachment of tendons/ ligaments
highly vascularized
high metabolic

Question 17

periosteum has 4 function

Answer 17

attaches to cortex via sharpeys fibers
maintain caliber of bone by appositional bone growth
provide transitional zone of attachment for muscles lig tendon
vascular perfusion for outer third of cortex

Question 18

is periosteum usually seen on xray

Answer 18

no

Question 19

physis

Answer 19

growth plate

physeal plate

Question 20

two zones of epiphyseal plate

Answer 20

zone of cartilage production-longitudinal growth

zone of transformation- cartilage to bone

Question 21

perichondral groove

Answer 21

resp for lat growth of physeal plate

Question 22

what regulates bone growth

Answer 22

hormones
blood supply
nutrition

Question 23

closure of growth plate

Answer 23

not controlled by growth hormone

part controll by sex hormone

Question 24

two main events of growth plate closure

Answer 24

slow down cartilage cell multiplication

invasion of cartilage plate by blood vessels that eventually breech epiphyseal side

Question 25

vascular supply of physis for child

Answer 25

vascular supply DOES NOT cross growth plate

Question 26

vascular supply of physis for infant

Answer 26

small % metaphyseal blood penetrate cartilagenous growth plate and supply epiphysis

Question 27

vascular supply of physis for adulta

Answer 27

no growth plate barrier | supply all the way to distal end

Question 28

what percent of bone is mineral

Answer 28

70

Question 29

what percent of bone is collagen, water, cells

Answer 29

30

Question 30

osteoblast

Answer 30

born forming cells

Question 31

osteoclast

Answer 31

bone remodelling/reorption

Question 32

osteocyte

Answer 32

living bone cells within lamellar bone

Question 33

two types of bone

Answer 33

compact and cancellous

Question 34

compact bone makes up

Answer 34

80% total bone mass

Question 35

compacts bone main fuction

Answer 35

mechanical

Question 36

ratio of calcium to phosphorus in bone

Answer 36

2:1

Question 37

major factors controlling calcium deposition

Answer 37

``` mechanical stress vit D parathormone trace minerals alkaline phosphatase ```

Question 38

what cells secrete parathormone

Answer 38

chief cells

Question 39

where are chief cells

Answer 39

parathyroid glands

Question 40

what does parathormone do

Answer 40

skeletal metabolism regulator

Question 41

calcitonin does what

Answer 41

decreases calcium concentration

Question 42

what function does vitamin D do

Answer 42

regulates intestinal mineral absorption | maintain skeletal growth and mineralization

Question 43

vit D is key hormone in

Answer 43

absorption of Ca from diet

Question 44

description of a tumor has 10 determinants

Answer 44

1. age of pt 2. soft tissue involvement 3. pattern of bone destruction 4. size and shape 5. location of lesion 6. zone of transition from abnormal to normal bone 7. margin of lesion 8. presence of tumor martix 9. host response 10. polyostotoic vs monostotic lesions