Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Public Health > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Health is defined as:

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is public health?

A

A broad and diverse multi-dimensional field which includes many health related disciplines. Not one, universally accepted definition of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The triad of health consists of:

A

Host, agent, and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 core functions of public health?

A

Assessment, policy development and assurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 10 essential public health services?

A

Monitor health, Diagnose and investigate, Inform/educate/empower, Mobilize community partnership, Develop policies, Enforce laws, Link to/provide care, Assure competent workforce and Evaluate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of morbidity?

A

Illness; a diseased condition or state; The incidence of disease within a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of mortality?

A

The number of people who have died from a disease or condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of life span?

A

The limit of natural life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of life expectancy?

A

The average length of life a person is likely to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the characteristics of primary care?

A

Office setting-based, ambulatory outpatients, emphasizes prevention/health promotion/health maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is primary care more general or specialized?

A

More general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary care?

A

Hospital setting-based, partially non-ambulatory (bed-ridden for at least part of the day), includes “routine surgeries”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is secondary care more general or specialized?

A

More specialized, intensive and costly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of tertiary care?

A

Hospital-based, uses more advanced tech, more expensive and intensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is tertiary care more general or specialized?

A

More specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the goal of public health?

A

To prolong the number of years of healthy life of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevention of the occurrence or the incidence of illness or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Prevention of disease or injury progression/severity/prevalence of illness or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Prevention of permanent disability or death due to illness or injury by ongoing care and rehabilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A governmental agency is also called:

A

Public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A quasi-governmental agency is a:

A

Hybrid category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A non-governmental agency is also called:

A

Private; abbreviated NGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are government agencies funded?

A

Taxes or assessments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Examples of government agencies include:

A

WHO, DHHS, CDC, USDA, OSHA, EPA and DHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which agency is the largest department in the federal government?
DHHS
26
What government agency was established in 1946 and where?
CDC in Atlanta
27
How are quasi-government agencies different from government agencies?
They operate more like voluntary
28
Examples of quasi-government agencies include:
Red Cross
29
The "Big 3" NGOs include:
American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and American Lung Association
30
Which NGO has status with the WHO as a formally affiliated NGO?
The World Federation of Chiropractic (WFC)
31
Which department coordinates the HP 2020 initiative?
DHHS
32
What is HP2020?
A blueprint to effectively track and address the most important healthcare needs of all Americans
33
HP 2020 focuses on:
Disease prevention and health promotion
34
How many leading health indicators are there?
12
35
How many focus areas are there?
42
36
What are the leading health indicators?
Access to healthcare services, Healthy behaviors, Chronic disease, Physical environment, Social environment, Injury and violence, Mental health, Healthy births, Responsible sexual behavior, Substance abuse, Tobacco use, Quality healthcare services
37
What are the components of the wellness model of practice?
Adjusting, Screening and Health behavior counseling
38
What is the leading cause of death?
Heart disease
39
What is the second leading cause of death?
Cancer
40
What percent of American adults are currently affected by heart disease?
1/3
41
What is the major cause of mortality throughout the world?
Cancer
42
What is the leading cause of death for persons younger than 85?
Cancer
43
What are the most common cancers?
Lung, breast and colorectal
44
Which cancers are the most diagnosed in men?
Prostate, lung and colorectal
45
Which cancers result in the most deaths in men?
Lung, prostate, and colorectal
46
Which cancers are most diagnosed in women?
Breast, lung, and colorectal
47
Which cancers result in the most deaths in women?
Lung, breast and colorectal
48
What is the most common cause of cancer-related death in both men and women?
Lung cancer
49
Which percentage of lung cancer is due to smoking?
About 80%
50
The incidence of breast cancer in women has increased to:
1/8 or 12.5%
51
What percentage of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors?
60%
52
What percentage of colorectal cancer cases are diagnosed in those older than 50?
More than 90%
53
What percentage of men aged
1/3 or 33%
54
What is the lifetime risk of heart disease in the US?
Males: 2/3 Females: 1/2
55
The incidence of type II diabetes has _____ in the past 30 years.
Doubled
56
What is the lifetime risk of diabetes in the US?
Males: 1/3 Females: 2/5
57
How many adults in the US reported having some form of doctor-diagnosed arthritis?
About 50 million
58
By 2030, how many adults are projected to have doctor-diagnosed arthritis?
About 67 million
59
What is the most common form of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
60
Which joints are most commonly affected in OA?
Hand, knee, hip and intervertebral facet joints
61
How many adults in the US are affected with RA?
1.3 million
62
How many children in the US are affected with RA?
300,000
63
At the current rate, all American adults are predicted to be overweight or obese by:
2048
64
What BMI range is considered overweight?
25-29
65
What BMI range is considered obese?
Over 30
66
What is the worst kind of fat deposition?
Central adiposity
67
Which diseases are the most common and costly of all health problems, but are also the most preventable?
Chronic diseases
68
If current guidelines were followed, the following could be prevented:
1/3 of coronary heart disease, 1/4 of stroke/OP, 20% of colon cancer/HTN/type II diabetes, and 14% of breast cancer deaths
69
What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US?
Tobacco
70
How many known carcinogens are in ETS?
At least 69
71
Why does sidestream smoke contain higher levels of tar, nicotine and CO compared to mainstream?
Because it hasn't been filtered by the smoker's lungs
72
Mainstream smoke is defined as:
Smoke exhaled by the smoker
73
What period of gestation is the most critical in regards to smoking?
Last 6 months
74
What are the risks to babies born to mothers who smoke?
Birth defects, premature birth, low birth weight
75
Prevalence is described as:
The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time
76
Incidence is described as:
The number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a given time
77
Disease that lasts 3 months or less.
Acute
78
Diseases that last 3 months or longer.
Chronic
79
A large number of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected.
Epidemic
80
An epidemic that occurs simulteneously on more than one continent.
Pandemic
81
A disease that is constantly present in the community or population.
Endemic
82
Only a few scattered cases within an area or population.
Sporadic
83
Considered the "gold standard," the investigator randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the participants in this type of study.
Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)
84
Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional and case studies are all examples of:
Observational studies
85
A prospective study that looks forward in time and follows up prospectively is called a:
Cohort study
86
A retrospective study that looks back at the population at risk and outcome events are identified from existing records is called a:
Case-control study
87
A survey that collects data on exposures that includes cases and non-cases, with no follow-up is called a:
Cross-sectional study
88
What is the advantage of a cross-sectional study?
If the study objective is descriptive, findings from these studies can be very useful
89
A study that is useful in describing novel and interesting cases, important in generating hypotheses and identifying disease features previously unknown would be called a:
Case study or case report
90
What is used to consolidate the data and provide a summary of conclusions?
Systematic review
91
What is used to consolidate the data and provide new data analysis/statistics?
Meta-analysis
92
The use of existing data to investigate research questions without the need for primary data collection is an example of:
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
93
What are the disadvantages to using cross-sectional studies?
Prone to error, chronic cases are over-represented, can't assure that exposure preceded onset of disease, and inability to distinguish risk from prognosis
94
What are the advantages to using randomized studies?
Can assume the subjects in each group are similar, bias is minimized, ability to make causal inferences
95
Which letters of net benefit are recommended?
A and B

Public Health (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions