Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What are the hair cycle growth phases?
A
anagen - growth
catagen - transition
telogen - resting
shedding - mosaic pattern
2
Q
What can anagen:telogen ratio help diagnose?
A
cause of alopecia
3
Q
Term for small solid elevation of the skin.
A
papule
4
Q
Term for solid elevation of skin with a flattened top less than 1 cm
A
plaque
5
Q
Term for a circumscribed flat spot with change in color of the skin
A
macule
6
Q
Term for sharply circumscribed elevation of the skin filled with serum/blood
A
vesicle/bulla
7
Q
How is skin scraping done for sarcoptes and notedres mites?
A
scrape area of active crusts
8
Q
How is skin scraping done for demodex mites?
A
squeeze skin while scraping
9
Q
What are the 3 dermatophytes seen on KOH preperations and what do they look like?
A
M. gypseum - sparse chaings 5-8 m
M. canis - dense masses 5-8 m
T. metagrophytes - dense chains 3-7m
10
Q
What do the 3 dermatophyes look like with india ink?
A
M canis - macroconidia w/ thick walls more than 6 cells, asymmetric
M. gypseum - thin walled, less than 6
T. mentagrophytes - cigar/club shaped with thin smooth walls
11
Q
What is epidermal turnover for dogs and humans?
A
dogs - 22 days
humans - 28 days
12
Q
What 3 ingredients in shampoos are humectants?
A
propylene glycol, urea, glycerin
13
Q
What does chlorohexidine do to the skin?
A
binds to stratum corneum
14
Q
What is the first line of antibiotics for skin infections?
A
narrow gram + : lincomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin
15
Q
Which shampoo ingredient is synergistic with sulfur?
A
salicylic acid
16
Q
What shampoo ingredient is the most effective antifungal?
A
miconazole
17
Q
What shampoo ingredient is keratolytic, antibacterial and anti yeast and can be irritating?
A
selenium
18
Q
What shampoo ingredient binds antigens and has anti cyclooxegenase activity?
A
colloidal oatmeal
19
Q
What shampoo ingredient is a topical anesthetic?
A
pramoxine
20
Q
What is the pH of dog, cat, and human skin?
A
dog - 7.5
cat - 6-7
human - 5.5
21
Q
What is the number of epidermal layers of dog, cat, and human skin?
A
dog and cat - 3 to 5
human - 10-15
22
Q
What shampoo ingredients are topical calcineurin inhibitors and block T cell function?
A
tracolimus and picrolimus
23
Q
What ointment ingredient blocks activity of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase thereby blocking protein synthesis?
A
mupiracin
24
Q
How is mupiracin given to eliminate/reduce carraige of MRSA?
A
intranasally
25
How do retinoid creams work?
decrease sebaceous gland secretions, anti inflammatory, activity against some cutaneous tumors
26
What are the actions of zinc gluconate cream?
normalization of keratinization
down regulates sebum production
synergistic with vit B6
27
What group of shampoo ingredients decreases bacterial colonization and is antiinflammatory?
oligosaccharides
| prevents binding of lectin with exogenous carbs?
28
Which shampoo ingredient raises pruritic threshold?
menthol
29
What shampoo contains oligosacchardies?
allermyl shampoo
30
What shampoo ingredient forms a protective film and acts as a moisturizing agent?
chitosanide
31
What are the actions of phytosphingosine?
does everything, repair of epidermal permeability barrier, anti seborrheic, anti inflamm, anti microb
(pro ceramide)
32
What shampoo ingredient repairs split ends by binding to hair keratin?
hydrolyzed proteins
33
What shampoo ingredient is best at follicle flushing?
benzoyl peroxide
34
What shampoo ingredient is most potent keratoplastic agent?
tar??????
35
What 2 shampoo ingredients are toxic to cats?
hexachlorophene and tar
36
What is the difference between humectants and emollients?
emollients - smooth skin, decrease water evaporation
| humectants - attract and bind water
37
What is the most common skin dz of dogs?
recurrent superficial staphylococcal pyoderma
38
What antibiotics are used in mixed/deep skin infections?
fluoroquinolones
39
When should systemic antibiotics be given to a patient with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
satellite lesions or folliculitis
40
What is the term for superficial pustular dermatitis, usually seen in young dogs in the groin area?
impetigo
41
What bacteria in involved in superficial pyoderma in dogs?
staph pseudintermedius
42
What is the treatment for nasal pyodermas?
dry off, systemic antibiotics
43
What 2 skin infections are just surface pyodermas?
```
acute moist dermatitis
fold pyoderma (intertrigo)
```
44
What is another name for fold pyoderma?
intertrigo
45
What 2 skin infections are superficial pyodermas?
impetigo
| recurrent superficial staph pyoderma
46
What is the treatment for puppy strangles?
systemic antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids
47
How is callus pyoderma treated?
prevent trauma, systemic antibiotics
48
How long should deep pyodermas be treated?
2 weeks beyond clinical cure
49
What is the most common dermatophyte in dogs and especially cats?
microsporum canis
50
What dermatophyte is found on rodents?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
51
How do dermatophyte infections look in the dog? cat?
dog - peripherally expanding crusts/alopecia
| cat - generalized alopecia/folliculitis
52
What is the most reliable test for dermatophytes?
fungal culture, then examine under microscope for ID
53
What technique is used to screen cats that are asymptomatic for dermatophytes?
mackenzie collection technique
54
Where do dermatophytes grow in the skin?
migrate down shaft of hair into keratogenous zone
55
Which antifungal works by inhibiting the cell wall of dermatophytes?
griseofulvin
56
What antifungals work by inhibiting p450?
Itraconazole and ketoconazole
57
What antifungal inhibits ergosterol synthesis in dermatophytes?
terbinafine
58
What dermatophyte drugs should the patient be monitored for liver enzymes?
itraconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine
59
What should be monitored in a patient given griseofulvin?
CBC - bone marrow suppression
60
What is the treatment for a cattery infected with dermatophytes?
topical and systemic therapy for + cats
topical for neg cats
treat until all cats culture neg 3 times
61
What are the lesions seen with crypto?
cutaneous lesions, pulmonary dz, ocular, neurologic involvement
62
How is crypto diagnosed?
cytology, biopsy, serology, culture
63
What is the drug of choice for treating crypto?
itraconazole, treat 1 month past titer negative
64
What drugs are used if crypto has neurological involvement?
fluconazole
| flucytosine + ampho B
65
What breed of dogs is predisposed to infection with pythium (swamp cancer, oomyces)?
GSD
66
How is pythium infection treated?
aggressive sx, itraconazole + terbinafine
67
What is the signalment for dogs at risk of blastomycosis?
young male dogs of large/sporting breed
68
For which deep mycosis infections is culture not recommended?
histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis
69
Which deep fungal infections are zoonotic?
crypto and histo?
70
How is malessezia disease transmitted?
opportunist, normal flora
71
How does a wood's lamp work?
reacts with tryptophan in hairs
72
Term for ingrown claw.
onchyocryptosis
73
What is the length of HPA suppression for cortisone and hydrocortisone?
8-12 hours
74
What 2 cortisol drugs last 36 to 72 hours?
betamethasone, dexmethasone
75
What breed is predisposed to malessezia dermatitis?
basset hounds
76
What is the most common flea species on dogs and cats?
Ctencephalides felis
77
Drug that inhibits chitin formation in young fleas and prevents reproduction.
Lufenuron
78
Term for inflamed claw folds.
Paroncychia
79
What are the indications for performing a skin biopsy?
neoplasia, persistant ulcerations, non-responsive
80
What types of skin conditions can be treated with tacrolimus?
immune mediated skin dz
81
WHen do flea eggs hatch? molt?
hatch in 1-10 days
| molt in 5-11 days
82
Which flea products are toxic to cats?
permethrins - cyphenothrin
| productgs - certifect, parastar plus, advantix, vectra 3d
83
What flea drugs are insect growth regulators and kill eggs/larvae?
mehtoprene or ovitrol
84
What flea drugs is a GABA receptor antagonist and works on fleas and ticks?
fipronyl
85
What flea drug interferes with neuronal transmission in flea?
imidacloprid (advantage)
86
What additional drug does advantage 2 have in it besides imidacloprid?
pyriproxyfen - added development inhibitor
87
What are the ingredients of advantix?
imidaclopride and permethrin
88
What are the ingredients of advantage multi?
imidacloprid and moxidectin - does hw, intestinal parasites and mites
89
What drug is more effective in cats than dogs and does fleas, ticks and mites?
selamectin (revolution)
90
What is the ingredient in capstar?
nitenpyram - adulticide
91
What is the ingrdient in comfortis?
spinosad -both cats and dogs, may lower seizure threshold
92
What type of mite requires deep skin scraping and squeezing of the skin?
demodex canis
93
What demodex mite prefers sebaceous glands and presents as a greasy haircoat?
demodex injai
94
What are two common differential diagnoses for canine demodicosis?
sarcoptic mange, pyodermatitis flea allergy dermatitis
95
What are the CS of sarcoptes in dogs?
ventral distribution, erythemetaous papule and crust, alopecia
96
How is sarcoptes treated?
keratolytic shampoo, steroids, miticides
97
What are the different types of miticide drugs?
lime sulfur dip, amitraz dip, selamectin, ivermectin, milbemycin, advantage multi
98
How is cheyletiella treated?
treat all animals, treat envment, keratolytic shampoo, lime sulfur dip, fipronil, selamectin
99
Which parasitic skin dz is corticosteroids contraindicated?
demodicosis
100
What parasite is associated with the pinnal-pedal reflex?
sarcoptes
101
Which mites have the worst pruritis?
sarcoptes, notoedres cati (feline scabies), cheyletiella
102
What is the pathogenesis of color mutant alopecia?
clumping of melatonin within hair shafts makes them fragile
103
How are color mutant alopecia dogs treated?
follicule flushing shampoos, humectants, melatonin
104
WHat breeds get dermatomyositis?
shelties and collies
105
How is dermatomyositis treated?
pentoxyphylline, tetracycline, pred, tacrolimus
106
What is the pathogenesis of acral mutilation sydnrome?
sensory neuropathy - degeneration of dorsal ganglia
107
What is the pathogenesis of cutaneous asthenia?
defect in collagen synthesis, tears easily
108
What breeds get lethal acrodermatitis?
bull terriers - unable to utilize zinc
109
What is the survival time of dogs with lethal acrodermatitis?
7 months
110
What breed is predisposed to epidermal dysplasia?
west highland terriersq
111
What breeds are predisposed to sebaceous adenitis?
standard poodles, akita, vizsla, samoyed
112
What is the prognosis for sebaceous adenitis?
no cure, minimize symptoms
113
What is sebaceous adenitis?
atrophy of sebaceous glands - dorsum, face, ears
114
How is sebaceous adenitis diagnosed?
biopsy shows no sebaceous glands, ddx is cushings
115
How is sebaceous adenitis treated?
follicle flushing shampoos, moisturizers, treat 2ndary infections
116
How is ichthyosis diagnosed?
skin biopsy
117
How is ichthyosis treated?
hydrotherapy, topical antiseborrhics, emollients, keratolytic/keratoplastic shampoos
118
What breed of cat is predisposed to primary seborrhea oleosa?
persians and himalayans
119
What breeds are affected by pattern baldness?
dachsunds, boston terrier, chihuahua
120
Syndrome that causes spontaneous lacerations to heal in loose folds.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, rubber puppy dz
121
What is the normal skin extensibility in dogs?
9-16% (ehlers has 18-24%)
122
Disease where there is blistering and sloughing of skin on footpads/extremities.
epidermolysis bullosa
123
How is epidermolysis bullosa diagnosed?
nikolskys sign, skin biopsy
124
What disease is when comedones and crusted papules form along dorsal midline?
schnauzer comedone syndrome
125
What must be ruled out before schnauzer comedone syndrome is diagnosed?
everything - mites, fungus, staph, malessezia, cushings
126
What breeds are predisposed to vitamin A responsive dermatitis>
cocker spaniels
127
What are the CS of vitamin A responsive dermatitis?
seborrhea, follicular plugging, hyperkeratotic plaques
128
What breeds are predispsed to zinc responsive dermatosis?
huskies, malamutes, bull terriers
129
What is the pathognomic sign associated with zinc responsive dermatosis?
parakeratotic hyperplasia (retention of nuclei in keratized layer)
130
What are the causes of syndrome II zinc responsive dermatosis?
oversupplementation of calcium or phytates (decreases zinc)
131
What topical therapy should be used in seborrhea?
medicated shampoos, emollients for sicca form, vitamin A, treat underlying cause
132
What are indications for systemic retinoids?
sebaceous adenitis and idiopathic seborrhea
133
What 3 breeds have an increased incidence of seasonal flank alopecia?
airedale terrier, bulldog, boxer
134
What are four breeds with an increased incidence of alopecia X?
pomeranian, chow chow, keeshond, samoyed (plush coated breeds)
135
What is lesion distribution in alopecia X?
head and extremities - dry haircoat, alopecia
136
What are the CS of feline solar dermatitis?
erythema and alopecia of ear tips --> ulceration of non pigmented areas --> SCC
137
Term for UV light damage
actinic
138
What type of dogs are predisposed to actinic keratosis?
white breeds
139
What behavioral drug acts by prolonging serotonin activity?
fluoxetine (SSRI)
140
What behavioral drug is condraindicated with amitraz?
L-deprenyl (MAO inhibitor)
141
What 2 drugs can be used for feline psychogenic alopecia and dermatitis?
fluoxetine and clomipramine
142
What are the antigens involved in pemphigus?
Desmoglein 1 - superficial (foliaceus)
| Desmoglein 3 - deeper (vulgaris), mucocutaneous jxns
143
What skin layer has active mitosis?
stratum basale
144
Which layer of the skin is keratin synthesized?
stratum spinosum
145
How to decrease contagiousness of cat with m. canis infection?
lime sulfur dips
146
What is lesion distribution for atypical mycobacterial linfections in cats?
inguinal fat pads
147
What lesion distribution is associated with demodex gatoi?
alopecia localized to ventral abdomen
148
What antifungal causes vomiting in cats?
ketoconazole
149
What drug causes bone marrow suppression especially in FIV/Felv cats?
griseofulvin
150
What drug causes drug induced vasculitis in dogs?
itraconazole
151
What antifungal drug is nephrotoxic?
amphotericin B
152
What flea med is safe to use in rabbits?
advantage
153
What demodecosis has pruritis on abdomen?
sarcoptes
154
What percent of hair pluck in telogen phase points to endocrinopathy?
>90%
155
What parasite lives in straw bedding?
pelodera strongyloides
156
What disease is associated with sandy soil?
coccidiomycosis
157
What fungal infection is associated with river valleys?
histoplasmosis
158
What fungal infection is associated with construction and beaver dams?
blastomycosis
159
What drug causes gingival hyperplasia?
cyclosporin
160
What drug groups cause KCS?
sulfa drugs
161
What drug causes sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
cyclophasphamide
162
What are the roles of omega 3 and omega 6 in the skin?
3- decrease inflammation
| 6 - barrier function
163
What type of immune reaction is involved in systemic lupus erythematous and bullous pemphigoid?
type 2 - damage by IgG, IgM, and C3
164
What type of immune reaction is involved in systemic/discoid lupus erythematous?
type 3 - immune complexes
165
What type of immune reaction is uveodermatologic syndrome?
type 4 - t cell mediated, delayed
166
What type of immune reaction is pemphigus?
type 5 - antibodies bind to desmoglien, form blister
167
Which pemphigus disease is found in chows, akitas, and cocker spaniels?
pemphigus foliaceous
168
What is the lesion distribution of P. foliaceous?
dorsum of nose, feet, pinna, periocular, abdomen, paw pads
169
Which pemphigus disease is seen in collies and GSDs?
pemphigus erythematosus
170
What is the lesion distribution for pemphigus erythematosus?
face, pinna, nose, paws, genitals
171
What pemphigus disease is seen on oral and mucocutaneous junctions?
P. vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid
172
Which pemphigus disease can sometimes be treated topically?
P. erythematosus
173
Which pemphigus disease has no acantholytic keratinocytes and a grave prognosis?
bullous pemphigoid
174
What is an alternative for treatment for cats with pemphigus foliaceous? SE?
chlorambucil
| SE - myelosuppression
175
What disease is caused by degeneration of basal epidermis with no acantholytic cells?
discoid lupus erythematous
176
What is the treatment for discoid lupus erythematous?
avoid sunlight, topical glucocorticoids/tacrolimus
177
What vaccine is associated with focal cutaneous vasculitis in dogs?
rabies
178
What derm disease is caused by autoimmune reaction to melanin?
uveodermatological syndrome
179
What drug is last resort in treating autoimmune skin disorders?
cyclophosphamide
180
What autoimmune derm drug is toxic to cats and causes myelosuppression?
azathioprine
181
What is the MOA of azathioprine?
toxic to T cells, slow onset
182
What drug targets TH2 cells to inhibit cytokine release and inhibits langerhan cells?
cyclosproine
183
What type of immune reaction is atopy? contact dermatitis?
atopy - 1-4
| contact - type 4
