Midterm Flashcards

Question

What are schemas used for?

Answer 1

-Organize what we know –  Interpret new situationsSchemas as Memory Guides •  Helps “fill in the blanks” when trying to remember –  Remember some information that was there §  Particularly information to which our schemas led us to pay more attention –  Also remember other information that was never there §  Add this information unknowingly

Answer 2

Neurological disorder §  Can’t form memories –  Each situation is new

Answer 3

The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. Physical sensations can prime metaphors----> Metaphors can influence decisions

Answer 4

–  Chronically accessible due to past experience. –  Accessible because it is related to a current goal –  Temporarily accessible because of our recent experience -priming is a good example of automatic thinking because it occurs quickly, unintentionally, and unconsciously.

Answer 5

The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 6

–  Prime goals in subtle way to see if it influences behavior

Answer 7

–  Distracting oneself prior to making a decision •  Ensuring distraction improves decision making: –  Have a conscious goal to make a good choice –  Decision requires integration of complex information

Answer 8

–  Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently

Answer 9

  A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind -The trouble: sometimes what is easiest to remember is not typical of the overall picture, leading to faulty conclusions

Answer 10

–  A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case *Base rate information –  Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

Answer 11

We tend to perceive personality tests as uncannily accurate | -Example of rep. heuristic

Answer 12

–  focus on objects without considering surrounding | context –  associated with Western cultures

Answer 13

–  focus on the overall context, relation between objects –  associated with Eastern cultures

Answer 14

ssociation between conscious thought and behavior creates perception of free will

Answer 15

–  Cheating | –  Helping

Answer 16

Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been §  “If only I had answered that one question differently, I would have passed the test.

Answer 17

``` Positive consequences –  Motivation to improve in future •  Negative consequences –  If it leads to rumination—repetitive focus on negative things –  Associated with depression ```

Answer 18

The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people.

Answer 19

– Express or emit nonverbal behavior | Examples: smiling, patting someone on the back

Answer 20

– Interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior | Example: deciding pat on the back was an expression of condescension, not kindness

Answer 21

Darwin | – Nonverbal forms of communication is species, not culture, specific

Answer 22

– Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

Answer 23

– Dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show – Are culture-specific

Answer 24

-Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture – Usually have direct verbal translations, like the “OK” sign. • Emblems are not universal!

Answer 25

– Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior

Answer 26

– When it comes to forming impressions, the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information that we learn about them later

Answer 27

– The tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider

Answer 28

– The way in which people explain the causes of their | own and other people’s behavior

Answer 29

Infer a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person (e.g., attitude, character, personality)

Answer 30

Infer a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation • Assume most people would respond the same way in that situation

Answer 31

A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs

Answer 32

The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does

Answer 33

The extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

Answer 34

The extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

Answer 35

– Consensus = Low Behavior is unique to the person – Distinctiveness = Low Person displays same behavior with different targets and in different situations – Consistency = High The person’s behavior occurs reliably across occasions

Answer 36

External attribution occurs when – Consensus = High Other people behave similarly in the same situation – Distinctiveness = High The person’s behavior is specific to that situation or target – Consistency = High The person’s behavior occurs reliably across occasions

Answer 37

Information about all three dimensions may not be available People still make attributions Consistency and distinctiveness used more than consensus

Answer 38

Tend to make internal attributions for other people’s behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors

Answer 39

– Tend to focus attention on person, not the surrounding situation The person is “perceptually salient” – Use the focus of attention as a starting point

Answer 40

The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention

Answer 41

1. Make an internal attribution – Assume that a person’s behavior was due to something about that person – Occurs quickly, spontaneousl

Answer 42

2. Adjust attribution by considering the situation – May fail to make enough adjustment in second step – Requires effort, conscious attention *Two-step model less applicable in cultures where internal attributions not the default

Answer 43

• Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors, and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors

Answer 44

1. We want to maintain self-esteem. 2. We want other people to think well of us and to admire us. 3. We know more about the situational factors that affect our own behavior than we do about other people’s.

Answer 45

– The assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get – Type of defensive attribution

Answer 46

``` Advantage – Allows people to deal with feelings of vulnerability, mortality • Disadvantage – Blaming the victim Rape victims Battered wives ```

Answer 47

– Values in Western cultures foster this kind of thinking | – Focus on properties of object or people, pay less attention to context or situation

Answer 48

– Values in Eastern cultures foster this kind of thinking | – Focus on the object or person AND the surrounding context and relationships between them

Answer 49

Psychological processes are assumed to be formed, shaped, and maintained as a result of each individual’s active engagement in various cultural contexts. The psyche is a function of its socioculturally and historically constituted environment. Psychological processes are assumed to be instrumental in maintaining and reproducing the cultural systems from which they have been derived.

Answer 50

The natural, necessary, “healthy,”and good person…  is a bounded, coherent, stable, autonomous, “free”entity;  “possesses”a set of characteristic identifying attributes— preferences, motives, goals, attitudes, beliefs, and abilities—which are the primary forces that enable, guide, or constrain actions  is principally oriented toward independent “success”and “achievement;”  makes (or should make) independent, more or less rational choices in the pursuit of goals;  is largely in control of—and individually responsible for – “personal”behaviors and outcomes;  gives personal beliefs and needs priority over norms and relationships;  strives to feel good about the self;  is active, innovative and creative

Answer 51

The natural, necessary, “healthy,”and good person…  is a connected, fluid, flexible, committed being bound to others;  participates in a set of relationships, roles, groups, and institutions which are the primary forces that enable, guide or constrain actions;  is principally oriented toward the harmonious functioning of these social entities;  persists to meet obligations and conforms to expected norms and standards;  engages in self-reflection and self-criticism  is a partner in interaction with others who are mutually responsible for each other and for the consequences of their joint behavior;  treats personal beliefs and needs as subordinate to norms and relationships;  tries to improve and master skills; perseveres and endures hardship

Answer 52

People view themselves as better then other, | -More ethical, better drivers, healthier

Answer 53

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

Answer 54

1. Self-knowledge The way we understand who we are and organize this information 2. Self Control The way we make plans and execute decisions 3. Impression management The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen 4. Self-esteem The way we maintain positive views of ourselves

Answer 55

– The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives -People do not rely on introspection very often.

Answer 56

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Answer 57

Alcohol abuse Binge eating Sexual masochism -Religon spirituality

Answer 58

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture. -- Problem – Schemas and theories are not always correct. Can lead to incorrect judgments about the causes of our actions.

Answer 59

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

Answer 60

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

Answer 61

Problem – Focus on things that are easy to put into words – Ignore feelings harder to explain – Hard-to-explain feelings are the ones that often matter in the long run

Answer 62

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs -• Infer inner feelings from behavior – Only when not sure how we feel • People judge whether their behavior – Really reflects how we feel – Or the situation that made us act that way

Answer 63

The tendency of people to view their behavior as | caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

Answer 64

Rewards that are given for performing a task, | regardless of how well the task is done

Answer 65

– Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

Answer 66

– The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Answer 67

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

Answer 68

– Fixed mindset more likely to give up and do poorly on subsequent tasks after failure

Answer 69

1. Experience physiological arousal. | 2. Seek an appropriate explanation for it.

Answer 70

– Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do - Arousal from one source (e.g., caffeine, exercise, a fright) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (e.g., attraction to someone).

Answer 71

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

Answer 72

Goal: know the furthest level to which we can aspire | Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability

Answer 73

Goal: feel better about yourself | Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or ability

Answer 74

The process whereby people adopt another person’s | attitudes

Answer 75

– People’s predictions about how they will feel in | response to a future emotional event

Answer 76

Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would | prefer to forget – Not that efficient!

Answer 77

– Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likable to another person, often of higher status

Answer 78

– Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves

Answer 79

People act in ways that reduce the likelihood of success so that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than ability Example: pulling an all-nighter before a test

Answer 80

Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise ready-made excuses in case they fail Example: complaining about not feeling well when you take a test

Answer 81

Buffers against thoughts of own mortality Terror management theory – Motivates us to persevere when going gets rough

Answer 82

– Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others – Has increased in college students since the 1980s

Midterm Flashcards

(106 cards)