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SSCI Capstone > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

kinds of cells reproductive organs make

A

gonads
hormones
pheromones

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2
Q

sex determination

A

how our bodies come to have those biological attributes

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

no sex determination
when whole adult body splits in 2
single adult only produces cells for reproduction

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4
Q

Amazon mollies and whiptail lizard don’t need male to reproduce. This demonstrates…

A

asexual reproduction

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5
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

individuals who are both male & female
and both produce eggs & sperm

either self fertile, or self incompatible

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6
Q

Nematode C. elegans & a perfect flower both have male and female parts. This demonstrates…

A

simultaneous hermaphrodite

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7
Q

what determines the type of gonad a person makes?

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

What determines the kinds of gametes an individual makes?

A

Environment & social environment

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9
Q

Wolbachia kill male embryo & sperm. this demonstrates that its sex determination is

A

social

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10
Q

Angle fish turn female when they land on a rock and male when they land on a female. Their sex determination is

A

social

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11
Q

Clownfish take on a female role when the female dies. Their sex determination is

A

social

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12
Q

What determines the types of gonads a human makes?

A

chromosomes

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13
Q

Human Karotype

A

all chromosomes in a single human cell.

23 pairs

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14
Q

1 sex determination is based on

A

presence of y chromosome

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15
Q

intially, 1 sex determination depends on

A

SRY Gene

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16
Q

SRY gene creates

A

male gonads

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17
Q

Variation is

A

uncommon situation

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18
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is when someone

A

has XXY genotype
osteoporosis
female body hair
but appears male

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19
Q

Turner Syndrome is when

A

female is missing x chromosome

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20
Q

1 sex determination consists of

A

gonads (test & ovary)
chromosomes
environment
social environment

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21
Q

In 2 sex determination development, the reproductive system starts out

A

the same. internal and external parts are undifferentiated meaning person can still become either male or female.

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22
Q

stages of gender determination

A

embryological & adolescent

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23
Q

3 hormones in embryological stage

A

androgen
anti mullerian hormone
5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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24
Q

androgen causes _____ _____ to form in _____ reproductive system

A

mesonephric ducts; internal

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25
Anti-mullerian hormone causes degeneration of _____, _____ reproductive system. it is produced when ____ is present.
female; internal; SRY
26
DHT leads to _____, ______ genitalia
external; male (aka penis & scrotum)
27
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a hormonal variation in which
cells are partially unable to react to androgen hormones that control development of male characteristics
28
Guevedoces Syndrome or 5 alpha reductase deficiency only affects ____ and doesn't convert _____ to DHT.
males; testosterone; DHT
29
Androgential syndrome is a hormonal variation in _____ that causes excessive _____ production. This causes _____ characteristics to develop
females; androgen; male
30
Low Testosterone in female leads to
degeneration of mesonephric ducts
31
absence in AMH in females leads to
development of paramesophric ducts (leads to female internal RS)
32
Lack of 5a-DHT in females leads to
female external genitalia
33
Which male and female organ develop from same original structure?
ovaries & testes
34
2 degree sexual characteristics
Anatomy (sexual dimorphism) Pheromones Behavior Health
35
in puberty, ____ & _____ prepare body to reproduce
brain; endocrine
36
role of hypothalamus
signals hormone production
37
roles of pituitary gland
produces regulatory hormones & controls gonads
38
Hormones in gonad lead to
adult secondary sex characteristics (testosterone in testes and estrogen/progesterone in ovaries)
39
it is good to mate with someone w/ different MHCs for
immunity advantage
40
direct benefits
increase # of babies they can have in lifetime - food - protection - parental care - territories - amount of sperm - female fecundity (amount of eggs female has)
41
indirect benefits
quality of genes | -increase quality of offspring and results in more grandkids
42
in courtship, _____ do choosing and _____ do courting.
females; males
43
parental investment
time and energy spent by parent to help 1 offspring considering it will reduce their future reproductive success
44
usually, ______ make more parental investment.
females
45
sex role reversal
females compete for mates | males are selective
46
sexual selection
advantage in which certain individuals have over others of same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction
47
intrasexual selection
when members of one sex compete w/ one another for access to other sex
48
dominance hierarchy
individuals that live in groups interact aggressively for while before sorting themselves out from top dog to bottom mutt
49
______ and _____ success go hand in hand
dominance; reproductive
50
sperm competition
older ones produces more | when one removes sperm from female
51
mate guarding
making sure female doesn't mate w/ any other mates
52
red back spider
male throws self into female jaws so she can eat him after mating.
53
good parent theory
explains aspects of male color, ornamentation, and courtship behavior as male's capacity to provide parental care
54
healthy mate theory
female preferences focus on courtship display & ornaments that serve as indicators of potential partner's health
55
good genes theory
male courtship displays give female information to choose male considering viability enhancing genes
56
runaway selection theory
discriminated females acquire sperm w/ genes whose primary effect is to influence their daughters to prefer the male traits that they found attractive
57
mate
what you do when you successfully complete courtship
58
_____ invest more in each offspring
females
59
males are limited by # of _____
mates
60
Female limited by # of ____ & quality of _____
eggs; offspring
61
Hybrid inviability
2 species mate, baby is hybrid & doesn't survive | beach mouse & deer mouse
62
Hybrid sterility
get to be born; but baby doesn't have sperm or egg | mule
63
Habitat adaptation
animal adapts to surroundings | galapagos finches & beak size
64
Why animal homosexuality?
critical for access to food, protection, dominance/social status, future accesibility in mates, group care for babies
65
Bonobo use ______ behaviors to solve _____ _____.
homosexual; power struggles
66
Needy offspring require
both parents to take care of them so they survive | king penguin
67
Rare mates is when
potential mates are rare. in clown shrimp, mates needed to be shedded. hard to find
68
dymorphism
female larger than male | eat mate if they get chance
69
female enforced is when
males don't get a choice | burying battle lay eggs in dead animal
70
True or False: monogamy is common in the wild
false
71
extra pair copulation is when
they pair for life but they don't mate for life
72
Polgyny
many females | females are picky, males are easy
73
resource defense
males defend food females want to eat. | females must mate with them before they can eat.
74
scramble
males show up first and as females come out, they jump on them (horseshoe crabs)
75
polyandry
females mate with multiple males
76
cooperative is when
because of cooperative hunting, females live w/ more males.
77
promiscuity
mate rapidly not picky mate w/ diff species can control which sperm produce eggs
78
secondary female characteristics (internal)
``` clitoris uterus fallopian tube active mammary glands vagina ```
79
secondary male characteristics (internal)
``` penis vas deferens scrotum seminal vessels inactive mammary glands ```
80
The results of phallic stage according to freud is that boys experience ______ _______ due to ______ ______ and girls experience ______ _______,
castration anxiety; oedipal complex; penis envy
81
Social Learning theory by Bandura consists of
reinforcement modeling behaviorism
82
problem with social learning theory
sees children as passive children imitate more powerful parent puts emphasis on society
83
The Cognitive Developmental Theory by Piaget and Kohlberg involve
pattern seeking
84
the problem with Cognitive Developmental Theory is
puts all emphasis on children themselves as invidividual creators of gender
85
The Enculturated Lens Theory by Bem involves
``` gender polarization androcentrism biological essentialism encultuation meta messages ```
86
kids start to show preferences for same-sex playmates at age
2

SSCI Capstone (1 decks)

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