Midterm Flashcards
(25 cards)
- Development in general: 3 characteristics
- Differentiate motor behaviour, development, control, learning
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Other biological factors of motor behaviour
physical growth
physio maturational
Newell’s Model of Constraints
- What is a constraint?
- Follows framework of _______ - organism develops as a function of its environment
- Examples of the 3 constraints
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McGraw - Johnny and Jimmy
2 main research quesitions
Methods - what did they do to the twins?
Results? (phylogenic vs. ontogenic)
What happened 22 years later?
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Constraints
Help reduce…?
Suggests what about behaviour?
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Nature vs. Nuture
Define, which is internal/external?
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Longitudinal Studies
Pro
Con
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X-sectional Studies
Pro
Con
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Sequential or Mixed Longitudinal Studies
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Paradox of development?
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What is a theory and hypothesis?
Two main components of every theory
T or F: Theories can be proven correct if presented with sufficient evidence
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3 major theoretical approaches that has shaped motor development research
MIE
Maturational Perspective
- Main theory
- Characteristics (3)
- Reflex theory - Sherrington: proprioception, reciprocal innervation, FINAL COMMON PATH, Integrative Action of NS
- Reflex Arc - 3 components; Sherrington’s infamous frog analogy
- Compare contrast eye blink vs. wink
- 3 problems with this approach? What did these problems lead to in terms of changing the paradigm?
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Maturational Perspective (cont)
- Hierarchical Control: brainstem, mid-brain, cerebral cortex
- Neuromaturation Theory
- Compare Gesell vs. McGraw’s conclusions
- 3 main conclusions of the maturation theory
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Normative Period
- Define
- Glassow and Halverson focused more on _________ of segments and ______ ___________
- Standardization arranged by what?
- Problems with this approach
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Process-oriented Period - Information-Processing Theory
- Define
- How does it differentiate from Maturational?
- 3 subsystems? Define each. Draw diagram of how these 3 fit into S-R and attention
- This approaches is supported by motor programs and representations. What are 2 problems with this concept?
- Schmidt’s Scheme Theory - invariants and parameters
- 2 other concepts that help explain IP
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Process-oriented Period - Information-Processing Theory (cont)
- Associationism: Define. 3 laws? 2 associationists?
- Functionalism: Define. 2 functionalists?
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Process-oriented Period - Ecological Approach
- Define
- Resembles which model?
- All information required for execution can be found…
- How does it differ from IP?
- 2 sub-sections?
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Process-oriented Period - Ecological Approach (cont)
- Dynamic systems: Define, Destabilization of the system, attractor state, linear vs. non-linear progression, relative phase/transition region, order vs. control parameter, DoF Problem, 3 ways DoFs are constrained. How does Dynamic Systems differ from IP?
- Perception-action: Define, Affordances, body scaling, action-specific perceptual knowledge, optic array vs. flow, Swinging Room
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-4 factors that affect motor performance?
Learned movements change as a function of? (2)
-Newton’s 3 laws
-Kinetic chain movements (2)
-Force absorption
-Stability vs. balance
-Visual cliff - what were they trying to find?
-4 aspects of an expert vs. novice
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- What are spontaneous or stereotypie movements? How do they differ from reflexes? Why do they exist?
- Differentiate the older theory of infantile movements vs. current.
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Infantile Reflexes
- 3 characteristics
- Dominant form of movement during which two periods?
- Occur where along CNS?
- Facilitates what 3 things?
- 3 general types of infantile reflexes?
- State the 9 primitive reflexes
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Postural Reflexes
- These reflexes facilitate or allow what?
- State the 3 postural reflexes
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Locomotor Reflexes
- These reflexes facilitate or allow what?
- State the 3 postural reflexes
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